Citations

PURPOSE Homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) is a key determinant of sensitivity to DNA-damaging agents; however, its genomic characterization in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains limited. This study investigated whether low RNA expression of homologous recombination (HR) genes identifies patients with metastatic CRC who derive survival benefit from oxaliplatin- or irinotecan-based therapy. METHODS A total of 22,957 metastatic CRC samples were subjected to DNA and RNA sequencing (Caris Life Sciences, Dallas, TX). Patients with microsatellite instability–high or pathogenic HR gene mutations were excluded to define a HR-proficient cohort. Overall survival (OS) was compared between patients with low (bottom 25%) versus high (top 25%) RNA expression of HR genes after oxaliplatin or irinotecan exposure. Validation was performed in the PARADIGM phase III trial cohort (n = 262) of first-line modified fluorouracil, leucovorin, and oxaliplatin-treated patients with available RNAseq data. RESULTS In the discovery cohort, low expression of core HR genes correlated with significantly longer OS after oxaliplatin or irinotecan exposure, specifically RAD51 (43.0 v 36.3 months; P < .005) and BLM (42.9 v 34.2 months; P < .005). Similar associations were observed for RAD51 (28.1 v 22.9 months; P = .02) and BLM (29.1 v 23.2 months; P < .005) in irinotecan-treated patients. In the PARADIGM validation cohort, low BLM expression was associated with improved OS (41.5 v 22.4 months; HR = 0.52; P = .002), whereas RAD51 showed a favorable but nonsignificant trend. These findings remained significant after adjustment for treatment arm, tumor sidedness, and metastatic burden. CONCLUSION Low BLM RNA expression is associated with improved survival after treatment with DNA-damaging agents, whereas low RAD51 expression shows a favorable but nonsignificant trend. These findings are exploratory and suggest that RNA-based HR gene expression may warrant further investigation as a potential prognostic biomarker in metastatic CRC.

Abstract Introduction: The HER2-targeted doublet, tucatinib and trastuzumab, recently received FDA approval for previously treated HER2-positive metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). While the intensity of HER2 IHC staining and ERBB2 amplification have been proposed as potential markers of response, our understanding of the role of the tumor microenvironment remains limited. Methods: The phase II MOUNTAINEER Trial (NCT03043313) enrolled patients for tucatinib plus trastuzumab based on HER2 positivity (IHC or NGS amplification). Patients from cohort A with available HER2 IHC and H&E slides were included in this analysis. Previously validated AI-based models (Lunit SCOPE uIHC and SCOPE IO) were used to quantify the percentage of HER2 3+ stained tumor cells (AI-H3+) and the densities of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in the cancer epithelium (iTIL) and stroma (sTIL). Results: The analyzed cohort (N=30) had an objective response rate (ORR) of 43.4% and median progression-free survival (PFS) of 8.0 months. AI-H3+ percentage showed a strong, dose-dependent association with an ORR of 57.1%, 66.6%, and 80.0% for tumors with AI-H3+ ≥10% (n=14), ≥25% (n=12), and ≥50% (n=10), respectively. This benefit extended to PFS, with the ≥50% cohort reporting a PFS HR of 0.17 (P=0.002) compared to tumors with AI-H3+ &lt;50%. Tumors with below median iTIL or sTIL had significantly shorter PFS. Notably, tumors with sTIL density in the bottom quantile had an ORR of 0% and PFS HR of 4.40 (P=0.002) despite including cases with high AI-H3+. TIL densities and AI-H3+ percentage were not correlated. Conclusion: These findings confirm AI-quantified HER2 intensity as a marker of response and suggests the importance of TILs, which may have a role through immunogenic cell death. Stratification by HER2 and TIL may be an approach to consider as this regimen progresses into the first-line setting. Citation Format: Mitsuho Imai, John H. Strickler, Woochan Hwang, Kara Bonneau, Andrew B. Nixon, Jongchan Park, Chang Ho Ahn, Tanios Bekaii-Saab, Takayuki Yoshino. HER2 expression and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes predict response to tucatinib plus trastuzumab in HER2-positive metastatic colorectal cancer (MOUNTAINEER): Exploratory analysis of a multicenter, Phase II trial [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2026; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2026 Apr 17-22; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2026;86(7 Suppl):Abstract nr 7735.

776 Background: Surgery is the only potentially curative option for PC. However, only a minority of patients (pts) undergo resection with current perioperative (periop)-chemotherapy (CT). In the absence of phase III trials, selection between mFOLFIRINOX and gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel (gem-nab) is based on limited evidence. We assessed whether NGS–based tumor profiling can guide tailoring of CT. Methods: pts with resected PC (resectable, borderline resectable, and downstaged locally advanced) that underwent Tempus xT, xF (DNA), and/or xR (RNA) testing were selected (89% tissue, 11% blood). Most samples (73%) were collected post-CT. Samples were stratified by KRAS status into KRAS -mutated ( KRAS mut) and KRAS wild-type ( KRAS wt). PD-L1 IHC was reported as tumor proportion score (TPS). Primary endpoint was median overall survival (mOS) defined from CT initiation to death with censoring of pts alive at the last follow-up or at a study cutoff of 5 years. Secondary endpoint was molecular profiling by KRAS status. Pearson chi-square and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests were used for descriptive comparisons; univariate Cox regression and log-rank tests (p<0.05) for survival. Results: We included 1,325 pts (median age 66 years [IQR 59–72]) with resected PC [stage II (15%), stage III (12%) and stage I (10%), unknown (62%)]. 95% had adenocarcinoma. Pts received neoadjuvant (50%), neoadjuvant plus adjuvant (26%), neoadjuvant with indeterminate adjuvant allocation (13%) or adjuvant CT (11%). First-line periop-CT was mFOLFIRINOX in 73% and gem-nab in 27% (median duration 4.3 months (mo) [range, 2.6–6.7]). KRAS mutations were present in 75% (G12X 91%: G12D 44%, G12V 34%, G12R 21%, G12C <1%). mOS was 26.7 mo (95%CI, 22.4-35.7) in the total cohort; KRAS mut pts showed a clinically meaningful worse mOS compared to KRAS wt [24.1 vs 35.7 mo; HR 1.61 (95%CI, 0.98 - 2.63); p=0.06]. In the KRAS G12D pts, mFOLFIRINOX showed a trend towards longer mOS compared to gem-nab [17.79 vs 14.53 mo; HR 0.75, (95% CI, 0.56 - 1); p=0.050]; no significant differences were observed in other KRAS subgroups. Compared to KRAS wt, KRAS mut pts were enriched for TP53 (76% vs 22%; p<0.001), SMAD4 (28% vs 5.8%; p<0.001), CDKN2A (33% vs 8.5%; p<0.001), MTAP deletions (7.7% vs 1.2%; p<0.001), and chromatin-regulator alterations ( ARID1A 7.8% vs 1.2%; p<0.001; KMT2C 2.5% vs 0.6%; p=0.034). KRAS wt pts were enriched for BRAF V600E (1.5% vs 0%; p<0.001). PD-L1 TPS ≥1% was more frequent in KRAS mut compared to KRAS wt (11.0% vs 8.1%; p=0.033). Conclusions: KRAS status does not predict benefit from mFOLFIRINOX vs gem-nab in resected PC. Interestingly, resected PC showed a higher prevalence of KRAS wt compared to the metastatic setting. KRAS status is associated with distinct profiles of potentially targetable co-alterations. These findings may suggest the integration of genomic profiling in clinical trials to develop biomarker-driven tailored strategies in the early stage.

679 Background: DNA-damaging agents improve outcomes in metastatic pancreatic cancer (mPC) with homologous recombination repair (HRR) deficiency, albeit use is limited to 6-9% of patients (pts) with BRCA1/2 or PALB2 mutations. We hypothesized that BRCA/PALB2 wildtype mPC may exhibit platinum sensitivity driven by altered HRR gene expression. We correlated HRR gene RNA profiles with real-world overall survival (rwOS) following first-line (1L) platinum therapy (PT). Methods: Tempus Lens, a platform used to query multimodal data from millions of de-identified patient records in the Tempus Database was used to identify mPC pts with wildtype somatic BRCA1/2 and PALB2 who had Tempus xT DNA and xR RNA testing. RNA-seq data were normalized to correct for assay/batch effects, quantified as transcripts per million (TPM) and reported as log2(TPM+1) for 17 HRR genes and GATA6 . Pts were classified as high and low expressors based on the top and bottom quartile gene expression. Pts were grouped as PT-treated (received 1L PT) or PT-naïve (never received PT). Real world overall survival (rwOS) was calculated from 1L start to death or loss to follow up. Risk set adjustment was applied to mitigate immortal time bias. Median rwOS was estimated using Kaplan-Meier and univariate Cox models. A multivariate Cox Proportional (CoxPh) model included PT use, RAS status, and expression of genes (as continuous variables). Results: Among 1,068 pts, the median age was 66 years and 609 (57%) received 1L PT. In low RAD51 expressors, PT-treated pts (n=136) had significantly longer rwOS than PT-naïve (n=112): 11.4 months (95% CI, 7.8–13.8) vs 8 months (95% CI, 5.5–9.0); p=0.028. In contrast, in high RAD51 expressors, rwOS was similar between PT-treated (n=150) and PT-naïve (n=97): 7.9 vs 6.9 months (p=0.236). High GATA6 expression was also associated with improved rwOS in PT-treated pts vs PT-naïve: 13.5 vs. 9.3 months; p=0.011. In multivariate analysis, increased GATA6 expression remained a positive predictor of rwOS (HR 0.82; 95% CI, 0.76–0.88; p<0.001), and high RAD51 expression was associated with shorter rwOS with PT (HR 1.18; 95% CI, 1.01–1.39; p=0.043). Conclusions: In BRCA/PALB2 wt mPC, transcriptomic profiling identified low RAD51 and high GATA6 expression as predictors for improved rwOS when treated with PT. Integrating these biomarkers may improve development of DNA-damaging therapies beyond canonically defined HRD. Hazard ratios of mPC mortality by selected HRR genes estimated by multivariate CoxPh models. HR 95% CI p value 1L PT (vs PT-naïve) 0.87 0.75, 1.00 0.054 BRCA1 1.15 0.98, 1.35 0.079 BRCA2 0.89 0.77, 1.04 0.14 GATA6 0.82 0.76, 0.88 <0.001 NBN 0.97 0.81, 1.15 0.7 RAD51 1.18 1.01, 1.39 0.043 RECQL4 0.94 0.84, 1.04 0.2 Any RAS mutation 1.43 1.14, 1.81 0.002

599 Background: Biliary tract cancers (BTC) remain aggressive malignancies with limited treatment options. Alterations in PIK3CA are implicated in tumor progression across solid tumors, but their prognostic impact in BTC remains unclear. We investigated the association of PIK3CA alterations(alt), alone and in combination with TP53 and ARID1A , with survival outcomes in advanced BTC. Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of 1,079 patients with advanced BTC treated with first-line chemotherapy (CT) or chemoimmunotherapy (CIO) across three sites in the USA, Japan, and Brazil. Genomic profiling was performed using next-generation sequencing on tissue and/or liquid biopsy samples. Survival outcomes were estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis, with comparisons by log-rank testing and hazard ratios (HR) derived from Cox regression models. Results: PIK3CA alterations were identified in 11% (123/1,079) of patients. The median age at diagnosis was 68 yrs (range, 20–79), with 50% (62/123) female. The most common primary site was intrahepatic in 43.1% (53/123) while majority of patients received CT only 92.5% (111/123). When analyzed with TP53 , 68 pts had PIK3CA/TP53 co-alterations(co-alt), 501 had TP53 alt, 55 had PIK3CA alt alone, and 455 had neither PIK3CA nor TP53 alt (WT/WT). Overall survival (OS) was significantly worse in patients with PIK3CA alt, particularly in the setting of TP53 co-alt. Median OS (mOS) was 22.6 months(m) (95% CI, 20.4–24.8) for PIK3CA/TP53 WT, 15.9 m (95% CI, 11.6–18.5) for PIK3CA alt /TP53 WT, 14.6 m (95% CI, 13.1–19.5) for PIK3CA alt/ TP53 alt, and 17.1 m (95% CI, 15.5–18.8) for TP53alt/PIK3CA WT (p<0.001). In analyses with ARID1A , 32 pts had PIK3CA/ARID1A co-alt, 91 had ARID1A alt only, 120 had PIK3CA alt only, and 836 were WT/WT. PIK3CA/ARID1A co-alt tumors had a mOS of 12.8 m (95% CI, 9.1–NE) compared with 19.3 m (95% CI, 18.1–20.9) in PIK3CA WT /ARID1A WT (p=0.009). Multivariate analysis identified PIK3CA alt (hazard ratio [HR] 1.37, 95%CI 1.09–1.72; p=0.008), PIK3CA alt/ TP53 alt (HR 1.52 95% CI, 1.11–2.07; p=0.008), ARID1A alt/ PIK3CA WT (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.08-1.82, p=0.011), and metastatic status (HR 1.82, 95% CI 1.52-2.19, P<0.001) as independent prognostic factors for shorter OS. Conclusions: In advanced BTC, PIK3CA alt were associated with significantly worse overall survival, particularly when co-occurring with TP53 or ARID1A alt. These findings establish PIK3CA as a prognostic biomarker of poor outcome and highlight the need to explore PI3K-targeted therapeutic strategies in BTC.

Abstract Molecular profiling reveals that up to 40% of advanced biliary tract cancers (BTCs) harbor actionable genomic alterations amenable to matched targeted therapies. However, conventional trial designs typically evaluate these agents in pretreated populations, resulting in approvals for later-line use. Notably, 25–44% of patients with advanced BTC may become ineligible for treatment after first-line therapy due to disease progression or functional decline, thus the real-world survival outcomes with matched therapies remains poorly characterized. This international collaborative study includes data from Mayo Clinic, Duke Cancer Institute, and National Cancer Center East (Japan), as well as a combined dataset from the SCRUM-Japan GOZILA, MONSTAR-SCREEN-1, and MONSTAR-SCREEN-2 projects. We assessed overall survival (OS) of patients based on the presence of actionable alterations and the receipt of matched therapy. To adjust for confounding, we applied propensity score weighting with inverse probability of treatment and multivariate Cox regression modeling, controlling for age, sex, tumor location, prior resection, and mutational subgroup. Among 1,049 patients that were analyzed, 358 (34.1%) harbored actionable alterations, with 160 (44.7%) receiving matched targeted therapy. The matched group (patients with actionable tumors who received a matched therapy) were significantly associated with longer median OS (23.3 months; 95% CI: 19.5–30.4) compared to the unmatched group (14.7 months; 95% CI: 12.8–17.9) and those with non-actionable tumors (17.1 months; 95% CI: 15.5–18.7; HR 0.57, 95% CI: 0.46–0.71; p < 0.0001). The unmatched group also was associated with the lowest three-year OS rate (13% vs. 35% in matched and 19% in actionable groups, respectively; p<0.0001). On multivariable analysis with patients who received ≥2 lines of therapy, receipt of matched therapy remained an independent predictor of improved OS (HR 0.62; 95% CI 0.43–0.90). These findings support the early integration of targeted therapies in BTC management and underscore the need to overcome systemic barriers to treatment access.

Abstract Background FGFR alterations are known to be driver alterations in several tumor types. We aimed to assess the efficacy of pemigatinib, an oral FGFR1-3 inhibitor, in patients with metastatic or unresectable colorectal cancer whose tumors harbored FGF/FGFR alterations. Patients and Methods The ACCRU-GI-1701 is a single-arm phase II trial which enrolled patients with previously treated FGF/FGFR-altered metastatic colorectal cancer to receive oral pemigatinib daily in 21-day cycles. The primary endpoint is objective response. Secondary endpoints include clinical benefit, progression-free survival, overall survival, quality of life, and adverse events (AEs). This trial was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04096417). Results Of the 14 patients included in the interim analysis, the objective response rate as well as clinical benefit rate were 0%. Given these results, the trial closed to enrollment after stage one due to futility. A total of 42.9% of patients had at least one grade 3 or higher AE, the most common being anemia and fatigue. Conclusion Pemigatinib monotherapy did not lead to objective responses in patients with chemorefractory metastatic colorectal cancer harboring FGF/FGFR alterations, although it was overall relatively well tolerated with no new safety signals. Notably, 93% (n = 13) of patients had only FGF/FGFR mutations and amplifications; one patient had an FGFR3-WHSC1 fusion at a low cfDNA percentage (0.02%).

4119 Background: TP53 mutations are frequent genetic alterations in cancers and also prevalent in biliary tract cancer (BTC). In non-small cell lung cancer, TP53 mutations have been reported to enhance immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) efficacy and improve outcomes. However, their impact on BTC remains unclear. This study investigated the clinico-molecular characteristics, prognosis, and ICI efficacy in TP53 -mutated BTC. Methods: Patient data were collected from the SCRUM-Japan GOZILA and MONSTAR-SCREEN-1/2 databases (Japan) and the Duke university and Mayo clinic databases (U.S.), which included patients receiving first-line ICI therapy. Comparisons between TP53 wild-type (WT) and mutation groups were performed in the Japanese cohort. Subsequently, analyses were expanded to include U.S. patients, focusing on comparisons between non-ICI and ICI groups. Tumor Immune Dysfunction and Exclusion (TIDE) scores were calculated using MONSTAR-SCREEN-2 whole transcriptome sequencing (WTS) data to evaluate ICI responsiveness, and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) explored pathways associated with TP53 mutations. Results: In the Japanese cohort (n=594), TP53 mutations were identified in 311 patients (52.4%). KRAS , ERBB2 , CDKN2A , and SMAD4 alterations were more frequent in the TP53 mutation group, while IDH1, BAP1 , and FGFR2 fusions were more common in the WT group. Multivariable analysis showed TP53 mutations were independent prognostic factors for poor outcomes (progression-free survival [PFS]: HR 1.37, 95% CI: 1.11–1.69, P=0.003; overall survival [OS]: HR 1.36, 95% CI: 1.06–1.75, P=0.017). Incorporating the U.S. cohort (n=625; non-ICI: 548; ICI: 77), no significant differences in overall response rate (ORR) or disease control rate (DCR) were observed in the non-ICI group between the groups. However, in the ICI group, TP53 mutations tended to show higher ORR (21.1% vs. 38.5%, P=0.16) and DCR (47.4% vs. 66.7%, P=0.14). In the non-ICI group, TP53 mutations were associated with worse PFS (HR 1.46, median PFS: 7.4 vs. 5.3 months, P<0.001), whereas, in the ICI group, no significant difference was observed; however, a trend toward better PFS was seen in the TP53 mutation group (median PFS: 5.0 vs. 6.4 months, P=0.163). TIDE scores were significantly lower in the TP53 mutation group, indicating higher ICI responsiveness. GSEA revealed enrichment of oxidative phosphorylation and hypoxia pathways. Conclusions: TP53 mutations are independent prognostic factors for poor outcomes in BTC. However, patients with TP53 mutations may derive greater benefits from ICIs, underscoring the importance of tailored therapeutic strategies in TP53- mutated BTC.

e15628 Background: Total neoadjuvant therapy (TNT) with cytotoxic chemotherapy and chemoradiation followed by surgical resection is a standard treatment for locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). In a limited number of LARC patients with deficient mismatch repair (dMMR), treatment with an immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) resulted in all patients achieving complete clinical response (cCR) (median follow-up of 29 months) such that radiotherapy and surgery were avoided. These and other data have resulted in the routine use of neoadjuvant ICI for dMMR LARC. Here we report a multicenter series of patients with dMMR LARC treated with neoadjuvant ICI. Methods: Adult patients (N = 21) with dMMR LARC who received neoadjuvant ICI at Mayo Clinic, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Duke University or University of Pittsburgh were identified from the electronic medical record (EMR) and relevant data were abstracted. All patients were staged with pelvic MRI; clinical response was evaluated by repeat pelvic MRI and sigmoidoscopy. Data were summarized using descriptive statistics. This study was approved by the Mayo Clinic IRB. Results: Patients with clinical stage I (n = 2), II (n = 3) or III (n = 15) dMMR LARC were treated with neoadjuvant PD-1 monotherapy (n = 20) or combination (n = 1, ipilimumab+ nivolumab). Median age was 46 years (IQR 39, 65), 15 (71%) were male, 10 (48%) had distal tumors, and 14 had Lynch Syndrome. Median duration of ICI treatment was 7 mos (IQR 6, 12); one patient remains on dostarlimab at data cut-off. Clinical complete response (cCR) was achieved in 11 (52%) patients, partial response (PR) in 7 (33%), stable disease (SD) in 1 (5%), and progressive disease (PD) in 2 (10%) patients. Median time from first dose of ICI to best clinical response was 6 mos (IQR 5, 8) months. All partial or non-responders received salvage TNT with (n = 6) or without (n = 3) surgery. At a median follow up of 19 mos (range 6 to 56), tumor regrowth occurred in 1 patient who was subsequently treated with TNT. Any grade immune-related adverse event occurred in 6 (29%) patients; one grade 3 hepatitis occurred in the patient on Ipi+Nivo (Table1). Conclusions: Neoadjuvant ICI treatment of dMMR LARC resulted in half of treated patients achieving cCR. Careful monitoring is necessary to identify non responders who will require salvage TNT. Patient characteristics and clinical response to ICI. ID Sex Age Stage ICI Response to ICI ID Sex Age Stage ICI Response to ICI 1 M 62 T3N+ Pembro cPR 12 M 37 T3N+ Pembro cCR 2 M 60 T2N0 Pembro cCR 13 M 41 T3N0 Pembro cCR 3 M 80 T2N0 Pembro cPD 14 M 46 T4N+ Pembro cPR 4 M 36 T3N+ Ipi+Nivo cCR 15 M 68 T3N+ Pembro cPR 5 M 57 T3N+ Dostarli cCR 16 M 77 T3N0 Pembro cPR 6 M 39 T3N+ Dostarli cPR 17 M 40 T4Nx Pembro cCR 7 F 44 T2N+ Dostarli cPD 18 F 35 T3N+ Dostarli cCR 8 M 74 T3N+ Pembro cCR 19 M 60 T2N+ Pembro cPR 9 M 43 T3N+ Nivo cCR 20 F 65 T3N+ Pembro cCR 10 F 81 T3N0 Dorstali cPR 21 F 39 T4N+ Dorstali cSD 11 F 32 T2N+ Pembro cCR