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BACKGROUND: For reasons not fully understood, Black adults experience more socioeconomic disadvantages (SED) than their White counterparts, as well as earlier onset and greater mortality from heart failure (HF). The John Henryism hypothesis predicts that repeated high-effort coping, that is, John Henryism (JH), with socioeconomic adversity can accelerate cardiovascular aging, thus increasing the risk for HF. METHODS: The analysis sample consisted of participants from the JHS (Jackson Heart Study), a cohort of Black adults from the Jackson, Mississippi Metropolitan area. The analysis sample included participants with no cardiovascular disease at baseline (2000–2004) with complete SED and JH scores. Indicators of SED included low household income, low educational attainment, and low maternal educational attainment scores. JH scores (0–36) were categorized as low (<28), moderate (29–32), and high (>32). Effect moderation of JH in the SED and incident HF association was assessed using interaction terms and stratification. Proportional hazards regression determined the hazard ratio and 95% CI, and models adjusted for age, sex, and established lifestyle risk factors. RESULTS: Among 1704 participants (mean age: 52.15 years, 64.3% female), 100 HF events occurred by 2016 (mean follow-up, 10 years). A statistically significant interaction between income and JH was observed for incident HF ( P =0.04). For every 1-unit increase in income disadvantage score, the risk of HF increased 2-fold among those with high JH (hazard ratio, 2.00 [95% CI, 1.39–2.86]) after full adjustment. Among participants with low JH, the corresponding unadjusted association was hazard ratio, 1.40 [95% CI, 1.04–1.90], but this association attenuated after adjusting for age and sex (hazard ratio, 1.19 [95% CI, 0.87–1.63]). CONCLUSIONS: The association between income disadvantage and HF differed by JH level. Because SED and high JH tend to co-occur, both should be considered in future research aiming to decrease the burden of HF in Black Americans.

ImportanceIdentifying factors associated with resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic can inform targeted interventions and resource allocation for groups disproportionately affected by systemic inequities.ObjectiveTo examine factors associated with self-reported resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic in racially and ethnically diverse, community-dwelling US adults.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study was conducted as part of the Collaborative Cohort of Cohorts for COVID-19 Research (C4R) study, which assessed the associations of the pandemic with self-reported resilience of participants from 14 established US prospective cohorts since January 2021. This report includes participants who responded to the self-reported resilience question on C4R questionnaires. Data was initially analyzed from October 2023 to May 2024, with updated analyses performed from August 2024 to April 2025.ExposureRace and ethnicity, behavior factors, health conditions, and social determinants of health measurements accessed before and during the COVID-19 pandemic through cohort visits and C4R questionnaires.Main Outcomes and MeasuresSelf-reported resilience was collected via 1 question (from the Brief Resilience Scale) in C4R questionnaires, “I tend to bounce back quickly after hard times.” Participants who answered agree or strongly agree were classified as resilient, and those who reported neutral, disagree, or strongly disagree were classified as not resilient. Modified Poisson regression was performed to estimate prevalence ratios (PRs) and access multivariable-adjusted associations with resilience.ResultsOf 31 045 participants (18 672 [60%] women; 10 746 [34.6%] aged &amp;lt;65 years), 1185 (3.8%) identified as American Indian, 6728 (21.7%) as Black, 293 (0.9%) as East Asian, 6311 (20.3%) as Hispanic, 565 (1.8%) as South Asian, and 15 961 (51.3%) as White; a total of 23 103 participants (74.4%) self-identified as resilient. Compared with White participants, Black and Hispanic participants had higher prevalence of self-reported resilience (adjusted PR [aPR], 1.04; 95% CI, 1.02-1.06; aPR, 1.08; 95% CI, 1.06-1.11; respectively) and American Indian and East Asian participants had lower prevalence (aPR, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.86-0.94; aPR, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.68-0.84; respectively). Higher education, being married or living as married, higher income, and overweight were also associated with higher prevalence of resilience. Being female, having diabetes, and being unemployed were associated with lower prevalence of self-reported resilience. Compared with participants with public insurance only, participants with private insurance had higher prevalence of resilience (aPR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.03-1.10). COVID-19 vaccination and infection statuses were not significantly associated with resilience. Modification analyses showed important racial and ethnic differences in how factors such as hypertension, marital status, and insurance status were associated with resilience.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study of 31 045 adults, self-reported resilience varied by race, ethnicity, and sociodemographic factors. These findings highlight the complex interplay of individual and social factors in shaping the perception of resilience.

Introduction: Perceived discrimination is known to play a role in the development of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors such as hypertension, but the association with CV outcomes is less clear. A recent report from a multi-ethnic cohort study found a modestly increased risk of CV disease in participants reporting discrimination. We explored this association in an African American (AA) cohort. Hypothesis: Greater perceived discrimination is associated with a higher risk of CV disease Methods: We examined CV outcomes among 5085 AAs in the Jackson Heart Study enrolled in 2000-2004 and followed through December 31, 2012. We stratified participants by quartiles of perceived everyday discrimination and estimated the associations with CV outcomes (all-cause mortality, incident coronary heart disease [CHD], incident stroke, and heart failure [HF] hospitalization) using Cox models. Results: Greater perceived discrimination was more common in participants who were younger, male, had higher education and income, a lower perceived standing in the community, worse perceived healthcare access, and fewer comorbidities. Over a median follow-up of 9.8 years (8.0 years for HF), 573 deaths, 193 incident CHD, 156 incident strokes, and 348 HF hospitalizations occurred. Prior to adjustment, greater perceived discrimination was associated with a lower risk of death, incident CHD, stroke, and HF hospitalization (Table). After adjustment for potential confounders, we found no association of perceived discrimination with incident CHD, stroke or HF hospitalization; however, a decrease in all-cause mortality risk with higher perceived discrimination persisted. Conclusions: We found no independent association of perceived discrimination with risk of incident CV disease or HF hospitalization and a paradoxical negative association with mortality in this AA population. The unexpected finding of a lower risk of death with greater perceived discrimination requires further study.

Background Socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with cardiovascular health (CVH). Potential differences by sex in this association remain incompletely understood in Black Americans, where SES disparities are posited to be partially responsible for cardiovascular inequities. The association of SES measures (income, education, occupation, and insurance) with CVH scores was examined in the Jackson Heart Study. Methods and Results American Heart Association CVH components (non–high‐density‐lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure, diet, tobacco use, physical activity, sleep, glycemia, and body mass index) were scored cross‐sectionally at baseline (scale: 0–100). Differences in CVH and 95% CIs (Estimate, 95% CI) were calculated using linear regression, adjusting for age, sex, and discrimination. Heterogeneity by sex was assessed. Participants had a mean age of 54.8 years (SD 12.6 years), and 65% were women. Lower income, education, occupation (non‐management/professional versus management/professional occupations), and insurance status (uninsured, Medicaid, Veterans Affairs, or Medicare versus private insurance) were associated with lower CVH scores (all P <0.01). There was heterogeneity by sex, with greater magnitude of associations of SES measures with CVH in women versus men. The lowest education level (<high school) versus highest (>high school) was associated with 8.8‐point lower (95% CI: −10.2 to −7.3) and 5.4‐point lower (95% CI: −7.2 to −3.6) CVH scores in women and men, respectively (interaction P =0.003). The lowest (<25 000) versus highest level of income (≥$75 000) was associated with a greater reduction in CVH scores in women than men (interaction P =0.1142). Conclusions Among Black Americans, measures of SES were associated with CVH, with a greater magnitude in women compared with men for education and income. Interventions aimed to address CVH through SES should consider the role of sex.

Background Religiosity/spirituality is a major coping mechanism for African Americans, but no prior studies have analyzed its association with the American Heart Association Life's Simple 7 (LS7) indicators in this group. Methods and Results This cross‐sectional study using Jackson Heart Study (JHS) data examined relationships between religiosity (religious attendance, private prayer, religious coping) and spirituality (theistic, nontheistic, total) with LS7 individual components (eg, physical activity, diet, smoking, blood pressure) and composite score among African Americans. Multivariable logistic regression assessed the odds of achieving intermediate/ideal (versus poor) LS7 levels adjusted for sociodemographic, behavioral, and biomedical factors. Among the 2967 participants (mean [SD] age=54.0 [12.3] years; 65.7% women), higher religious attendance was associated with increased likelihood (reported as odds ratio [95% CI]) of achieving intermediate/ideal levels of physical activity (1.16 [1.06–1.26]), diet (1.10 [1.01–1.20]), smoking (1.50 [1.34–1.68]), blood pressure (1.12 [1.01–1.24]), and LS7 composite score (1.15 [1.06–1.26]). Private prayer was associated with increased odds of achieving intermediate/ideal levels for diet (1.12 [1.03–1.22]) and smoking (1.24 [1.12–1.39]). Religious coping was associated with increased odds of achieving intermediate/ideal levels of physical activity (1.18 [1.08–1.28]), diet (1.10 [1.01–1.20]), smoking (1.32 [1.18–1.48]), and LS7 composite score (1.14 [1.04–1.24]). Total spirituality was associated with increased odds of achieving intermediate/ideal levels of physical activity (1.11 [1.02–1.21]) and smoking (1.36 [1.21–1.53]). Conclusions Higher levels of religiosity/spirituality were associated with intermediate/ideal cardiovascular health across multiple LS7 indicators. Reinforcement of religiosity/spirituality in lifestyle interventions may decrease overall cardiovascular disease risk among African Americans.

Background Associations between depression, incident heart failure (HF), and mortality are well documented in predominately White samples. Yet, there are sparse data from racial minorities, including those who are women, and depression is underrecognized and undertreated in the Black population. Thus, we examined associations between baseline depressive symptoms, incident HF, and all‐cause mortality across 10 years. Methods and Results We included Jackson Heart Study (JHS) participants with no history of HF at baseline (n=2651; 63.9% women; median age, 53 years). Cox proportional hazards models tested if the risk of incident HF or mortality differed by clinically significant depressive symptoms at baseline (Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression scores ≥16 versus <16). Models were conducted in the full sample and by sex, with hierarchical adjustment for demographics, HF risk factors, and lifestyle factors. Overall, 538 adults (20.3%) reported high depressive symptoms (71.0% were women), and there were 181 cases of HF (cumulative incidence, 0.06%). In the unadjusted model, individuals with high depressive symptoms had a 43% greater risk of HF ( P =0.035). The association remained with demographic and HF risk factors but was attenuated by lifestyle factors. All‐cause mortality was similar regardless of depressive symptoms. By sex, the unadjusted association between depressive symptoms and HF remained for women only ( P =0.039). The fully adjusted model showed a 53% greater risk of HF for women with high depressive symptoms ( P =0.043). Conclusions Among Black adults, there were sex‐specific associations between depressive symptoms and incident HF, with greater risk among women. Sex‐specific management of depression may be needed to improve cardiovascular outcomes.

Introduction: Compared to other racial and ethnic groups, African Americans experience greater negative psychosocial factors (depression, stress), which are related to increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Little research has examined the association of positive psychosocial factors (optimism) with cardiovascular health in this population. Using the Jackson Heart Study (JHS) data, we examined the association of optimism with the American Heart Association Life’s Simple 7 TM (LS7), a measure of seven metrics that assesses a person’s cardiovascular health. Hypothesis: Higher levels of optimism are positively associated with individual LS7 metrics, and positively associated with the total LS7 score. Methods: We evaluated cross-sectional associations of optimism with each LS7 metric [cigarette smoking, physical activity, diet, body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, cholesterol, glucose] and with a composite LS7 score among 4,761 participants, 21-95 years old (women=3,070; men=1,691) enrolled in the JHS, a single-site, community-based cohort of African Americans residing in Jackson, MS. Optimism was measured in tertiles (low, moderate, high) to examine threshold effects. Each LS7 metric was classified as poor, intermediate, and ideal. LS7 metrics were also summed to create a total continuous score (0-13) categorized in tertiles (low, moderate, high). Multinomial logistic regression estimated the odds ratios (OR, 95% confidence interval-CI) of intermediate (vs. poor) and ideal (vs. poor) LS7 metric by levels of optimism. Multinomial regression also estimated the odds of moderate (vs. low) or high (vs. low) total LS7 score by optimism. Models adjusted for demographics, SES, and depressive symptoms. Results: Descriptive findings showed that participants who reported high optimism had ideal physical activity, nutrition, smoking, blood pressure, glucose and high total LS7 score (all p<0.01). After adjustment for age, sex, education, income, marital status, and insurance status, participants who reported high (vs. low) optimism had a 39% increased odds of having ideal (vs. poor) physical activity (OR 1.39; 95% CI 1.10-1.76) and a 33% increased odds of having ideal (vs. poor) smoking (OR 1.33; 95% CI 1.02-1.73). Participants who reported high (vs. low) optimism had a 34% greater odds of having a high (vs. low) total LS7 score (OR 1.34 95% CI 1.03-1.74) after full adjustment. Conclusion: Optimism is associated with ideal physical activity and ideal smoking, which is important for promoting cardiovascular health and reducing the risk of CVD among African Americans in this sample.

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of death for African-American (AA) adults. There is a low prevalence of ideal cardiovascular health (CVH) (as defined by the American Heart Association’s Life’s Simple 7 TM (LS7)), especially diet, physical activity and obesity among AAs placing them at a disproportionately high risk for CVD. The identification of psychosocial stress that may influence ideal CVH could assist in the development of more effective behavior change interventions among AAs. Objectives: The aim of this study is to examine the associations of multidimensional stressors (chronic stress, minor stressors, and major life events - MLEs) with the LS7 components (classified as poor, intermediate and ideal) in AAs. We hypothesize that stress is negatively associated with the likelihood of achievement of intermediate/ideal levels of the LS7 components and LS7 composite score after adjusting for traditional socio-demographic factors. Methods: Using the Jackson Heart Study (JHS), a cohort of AAs based in Jackson, Mississippi (n=4383), we conducted a cross-sectional analysis of the association of stress measures with LS7 components (smoking, diet, physical activity, body mass index, blood pressure, total cholesterol and glucose). This association was measured using logistic regression which assessed the odds ratios (OR, 95% confidence interval (CI)) of the achievement of intermediate/ideal levels of CVH with progressive adjustment for demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral and biomedical factors. A composite LS7 score was calculated [range 0-14; categorized as 0 to 6 (poor), 7 to 8 (intermediate) and 9 to 14 (ideal)]. We also constructed a cumulative stress score as a summation of tertiles of each stress measure (range 3-9). Results: Fewer participants achieved intermediate or ideal CVH for the LS7 components including diet (39%), physical activity (51%) and BMI (47%). Higher chronic stress and minor stressors scores were associated a decreased likelihood of achievement of ideal/intermediate levels for smoking [OR 0.80; 95% CI 0.73-0.88 and OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.75-0.94, respectively). Higher MLE scores were associated decreased likelihood of achievement of ideal/intermediate levels for smoking (OR 0.84; 95% CI 0.76-0.92) and glucose (OR 0.90; 95% CI 0.82-0.98). Those with higher minor stressors and MLE scores were less likely to achieve intermediate or ideal LS7 composite score categories (OR 0.89; 95% CI 0.81-0.97 and OR 0.91; 95% CI 0.84-0.98, respectively). There was no statistically significant association between LS7 composite scores and cumulative stress scores. Conclusions: Our results suggest that key stress measures may contribute adversely to CVH among AAs. These findings provide support for future lifestyle interventions which integrate a focus on alleviating stressors in this high risk population to improve CVH.

Background Ideal cardiovascular health metrics (defined by the American Heart Association Life's Simple 7 [LS7]) are suboptimal among blacks, which results in high risk of cardiovascular disease. We examined the association of multiple stressors with LS7 components among blacks. Methods and Results Using a community‐based cohort of blacks (N=4383), we examined associations of chronic stress, minor stressors, major life events, and a cumulative stress score with LS7 components (smoking, diet, physical activity, body mass index, blood pressure, total cholesterol, and fasting plasma glucose) and an LS7 composite score. Multivariable logistic regression assessed the odds of achieving intermediate/ideal levels of cardiovascular health adjusted for demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, and biomedical factors. The LS7 components with the lowest percentages of intermediate/ideal cardiovascular health levels were diet (39%), body mass index (47%), and physical activity (51%). Higher chronic, minor, and cumulative stress scores were associated with decreased odds (odds ratio [OR]) of achieving intermediate/ideal levels for smoking (OR [95% confidence interval], 0.80 [0.73–0.88], 0.84 [0.75–0.94], and 0.81 [0.74–0.90], respectively). Participants with more major life events had decreased odds of achieving intermediate/ideal levels for smoking (OR, 0.84; 95% confidence interval, 0.76–0.92) and fasting plasma glucose (OR, 0.90; 95% confidence interval, 0.82–0.98). Those with higher scores for minor stressors and major life events were less likely to achieve intermediate or ideal LS7 composite scores (OR [95% confidence interval], 0.89 [0.81–0.97] and 0.91 [0.84–0.98], respectively). Conclusions Blacks with higher levels of multiple stress measures are less likely to achieve intermediate or ideal levels of overall cardiovascular health (LS7 composite score), specific behaviors (smoking), and biological factors (fasting plasma glucose).