Citations

Abstract Background The expanding use of biologic and small-molecule therapies for ulcerative colitis (UC) has raised concerns regarding perioperative safety. We conducted a network meta-analysis to compare short-term postoperative complications associated with preoperative exposure to these agents in patients undergoing colorectal surgery. Methods We systematically searched PubMed, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library through September 15, 2025, for cohort studies of adults with UC who were exposed to biologic or small-molecule therapy within 12 weeks prior to surgery. Interventions included biologic therapy, small-molecule therapy, and no biologic or small-molecule therapy (control). The primary outcome was overall postoperative complications at 30 and 90 days. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) was assessed as a key secondary outcome. Random-effects network meta-analysis was performed using risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results Sixteen retrospective cohort studies involving 3235 patients were included. At 30 days, ustekinumab and tofacitinib were associated with lower overall postoperative complication rates than control (RR: 0.29; 95% CI: 0.09-0.96; and RR: 0.66; 95% CI: 0.46-0.96, respectively). Anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) therapy was associated with higher complication rates compared with vedolizumab, ustekinumab, and tofacitinib at 30 days (RR: 1.27; 95% CI: 1.00-1.63; RR: 3.67; 95% CI: 1.12-12.03; and RR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.14-2.27, respectively). At 90 days, anti-TNF therapy was associated with higher complication rates than control (RR 1.20, 95% CI 1.03-1.40), although the 90-day analysis was based on limited data. VTE rates were similar across treatments at both time points. Conclusion Preoperative ustekinumab and tofacitinib were associated with fewer 30-day postoperative complications than control or anti-TNF therapy, while vedolizumab was associated with fewer complications than anti-TNF therapy. At 90 days, anti-TNF therapy was associated with higher complication rates compared with control. These findings, particularly at 90 days based on limited data, should be interpreted with caution and require confirmation in well-designed prospective studies with rigorous adjustment for confounding factors.

Abstract Background & Aims Central reading of endoscopy and histopathology is the current standard for disease activity assessment in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) clinical trials but is limited by interreader and intrareader variability, operational delays, and cost. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) offer the potential to improve accuracy, efficiency, and reproducibility. The International Organization for the Study of IBD (IOIBD) developed consensus statements on AI/ML use for endoscopic and histologic endpoint assessment in IBD trials. Methods As part of the IOIBD endpoints cluster initiative, a narrative, evidence-informed review with literature searches of Medline and Embase (January 2018-February 2025) identified studies applying AI/ML to endoscopy or histology in IBD. Relevant evidence informed 36 survey statements formulated by a steering committee. Seventy-two IOIBD members were invited to vote online; consensus required ≥80% agreement (score: 7-10 on a 10-point scale). Results Forty-five members completed the survey. Consensus was reached for 28 statements related to endoscopy, pathology, and trial design. Experts agreed that AI-based central reading could improve diagnostic accuracy, expedite processes, reduce costs, and enhance reproducibility. Combining human and AI assessments was favored over AI replacement. The key limitations identified included insufficient validation, generalizability concerns, and dependence on human-annotated training datasets. Conclusions This IOIBD consensus supports the integration of AI/ML into central reading for IBD clinical trials to improve objectivity, efficiency, and consistency, while maintaining human oversight. Further research should address validation, regulatory frameworks, and multimodal integration to enable broader adoption in both trials and clinical practice.

Abstract Background and Aims Upadacitinib (UPA)—an oral, reversible selective Janus kinase inhibitor—has a favorable benefit–risk profile for patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). We evaluated the benefit–risk of UPA in select subgroups with CD or UC. Methods Patients were randomized to UPA 45 mg (UPA45) once daily (QD) or placebo (PBO) induction for 12 (CD: U-EXCEED, U-EXCEL) or 8 weeks (UC: U-ACHIEVE, U-ACCOMPLISH). Clinical responders were re-randomized to QD UPA 15 mg (UPA15), UPA 30 mg (UPA30), or PBO for 52-week maintenance (CD: U-ENDURE; UC: U-ACHIEVE). This exploratory post hoc analysis assessed efficacy and safety outcomes (adverse events of special interest [AESIs]: serious infections, major adverse cardiovascular [CV] events, malignancies, and venous thromboembolic events) by CV risk, prior treatment failure, and age. Results This analysis included 1021 patients with CD and 1097 with UC during induction, and 673 with CD and 746 with UC during maintenance. Improved efficacy outcomes comparable to the overall study populations were observed with UPA versus PBO across subgroups. Patients receiving UPA30 generally showed numerically higher rates of improvements versus UPA15. AESI rates were generally comparable between UPA and PBO across subgroups except for numerically higher rates of herpes zoster and serious infections in CD with UPA. Conclusions UPA resulted in consistent benefit versus placebo across CV risk, prior treatment failure, and age subgroups. No treatment differences were seen in AESIs across subgroups except herpes zoster and serious infections, reinforcing the favorable benefit–risk profile for UPA in CD and UC seen in the overall study populations. Clinical trial numbers NCT02819635, NCT03653026, NCT03345836, NCT03345849, NCT03345823

Abstract Background Upper gastrointestinal Crohn’s disease (UGICD) is an uncommon phenotype with limited management guidelines. We reviewed evidence on the safety and efficacy of pharmacological interventions for UGICD. Methods We searched MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane CENTRAL (1990-2025) for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and comparative observational studies evaluating pharmacological or dietary interventions for UGICD, including esophagus to jejunum. Two reviewers screened studies, extracted data, and assessed bias (Newcastle–Ottawa Scale). Primary outcomes were clinical remission and response. Due to limited, heterogeneous evidence, data are summarized descriptively. Results Of 1207 citations, 11 observational studies (nine retrospective, two prospective) and post-hoc analyses from two RCTs met the criteria, involving 387 patients. Most had ileocolonic involvement (280/387; 72.3%); only 8.5% (33/387) had isolated UGICD. Five studies (137 patients) reported esophageal CD. Follow-up ranged from 6 weeks to 28 years. Interventions and outcomes varied. Anti-tumor necrosis factor (anti-TNF) drugs and corticosteroids, alone or combined with other treatments, were associated with improvements in clinical outcomes, endoscopic healing, and histology, but controlled data are lacking. Other therapies, including proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists, enteric nutrition, immunomodulators, anti-integrins, and anti-interleukin12/23, showed moderate to minimal improvement. Conclusions Our systematic review highlights a paucity of evidence to inform therapeutic strategies in UGICD. Positive outcomes were reported for corticosteroids and anti-TNF, but from small observational and uncontrolled studies. Data for most advanced therapies remain limited, highlighting a large unmet need to inform clinical practice.

Abstract Background and Aims Intestinal ultrasound (IUS) is increasingly used to monitor treatment efficacy in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) trials. However, standardized definitions for response, remission, and optimal assessment timing remain undefined. An international expert consensus meeting was held to establish IUS endpoints for clinical trials. Methods A panel of 35 international gastroenterologists and radiologists participated in a modified Delphi process, reviewing the literature and developing consensus statements. Agreement was defined as at least 75% consensus. Results Consensus was reached on 150 statements across four domains: general IBD (30 statements), luminal Crohn’s disease (CD) (43), perianal CD (51), and ulcerative colitis (UC) (26). For luminal CD and UC, ultrasound response was defined by: (1) a ≥25% reduction in bowel wall thickness (BWT) from baseline, or (2) multifactorial improvement, combining BWT reduction with ≥1 grade decrease in color Doppler signal (CDS) or another IUS parameter. Assessments were set at weeks 4-8 for the colon and week 12 for the terminal ileum. Ultrasound remission in luminal CD was defined as: (1) BWT normalization (≤3 mm) or (2) normalization of multiple parameters, including BWT, CDS, and all other IUS parameters. Similar remission criteria were proposed for UC, but the sigmoid BWT normal range (3-4 mm) remained uncertain. The bowel ultrasound score (BUSS) for CD and the Milan ultrasound criteria (MUC) for UC were supported as standardized scoring systems for trials. Conclusion This consensus provides standardized IUS definitions to enhance consistency in IBD trials, supporting the integration of IUS in future research.

Abstract Background and Aims Tyrosine kinase 2 is a downstream intracellular mediator of interleukin-23 signaling, which has a key role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Deucravacitinib is a novel, oral, selective, allosteric tyrosine kinase 2 inhibitor currently approved for the treatment of adults with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. Methods Here we describe 3 randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 studies of deucravacitinib in patients with moderately to severely active Crohn’s disease (LATTICE-CD [NCT03599622]) or ulcerative colitis (LATTICE-UC [NCT03934216] and IM011-127 [NCT04613518]). Patients were randomized to receive placebo or twice-daily deucravacitinib 3 or 6 mg (LATTICE-CD), 6 mg (LATTICE-UC), or 12 mg (IM011-127) for 12 weeks. Coprimary endpoints for LATTICE-CD were clinical remission and endoscopic response at week 12. The primary endpoint was clinical remission (per modified Mayo score) at week 12 for LATTICE-UC and clinical response (per modified Mayo score) at week 12 for IM011-127. Results A total of 239 (LATTICE-CD), 131 (LATTICE-UC), and 38 (IM011-127) patients were randomized. The primary endpoints were not met for all 3 studies, which resulted in early study termination for LATTICE-CD and IM011-127. High efficacy rates were observed in placebo groups throughout the studies. In all studies, the safety profile of deucravacitinib was consistent with the known safety profile observed in patients with psoriasis, and no new safety signals were observed. Conclusions Deucravacitinib at multiple doses did not demonstrate significant clinical benefit vs placebo in moderately to severely active Crohn’s disease or ulcerative colitis. Deucravacitinib was safe and well tolerated.

Abstract Background The SEQUENCE trial, in bio-exposed Crohn's disease (CD) patients, demonstrated non-inferiority for clinical remission at 24 weeks and superiority for endoscopic remission at week 48 for risankizumab (RZB) compared to ustekinumab (UST). However, this comparison has not been adequately explored in bio-naive CD patients. Our study aimed to compare the clinical effectiveness among bio-naive CD patients treated with RZB vs. UST in a real-world setting, using data from a US-based multicenter cohort. Methods This retrospective cohort study utilized data from the TriNetX US Collaborative Network, comprising sixty-eight tertiary institutions, to examine adult (≥18 years) bio-naive CD patients initiated on RZB or UST from June 17th, 2022 (FDA approval date) to October 31st, 2024. Patients with prior advanced therapy usage and those with approved rheumatologic disease indications for RZB/UST were excluded. A 1:1 propensity score matching (PSM) analysis was conducted to balance cohorts on demographics, baseline comorbidities, and indicators of CD severity, including CD phenotype, extraintestinal manifestations, concurrent corticosteroid use, hemoglobin, and body weight. Cox proportional hazards models estimated hazard ratios (HRs) in matched cohorts for one-year post-treatment composite outcomes (need for corticosteroids, hospitalizations, emergency room visits, surgeries) with a priori significance threshold of p < 0.05. Results The study sample included 1,630 bio-naive CD patients treated with RZB and 3,105 with UST. Among patients on UST, 658 (21%) were dosed every four to six weeks, after the first dose. Baseline characteristics of the PSM RZB and UST cohorts are shown in Table 1 with 1,568 patients in each cohort. After PSM (Figure 1), there were no significant differences in composite outcome (HR 1.077, p = 0.170), corticosteroid use (HR 1.099, p = 0.110), CD-related surgery (HR 1.231, p = 0.284), hospitalization (HR 0.947, p = 0.615) or ER visits (HR 1.041, p = 0.687). Additionally, no significant differences were observed in opioid use (HR 1.062, p = 0.366), switch to different advanced therapy (HR 1.097, p = 0.468) or elevated disease biomarkers, including CRP (>10mg/l, HR 1.186 p = 0.101) or fecal calprotectin (>150 µg/g; HR 1.109, p = 0.407) at 1-year follow-up. Conclusion In this real-world experience allowing for drug optimization, no difference was observed in bio naïve patients between UST and RZB as far as clinical remission and progression of CD.