Citations

Abstract Context Biochemical test results are central to clinical decision-making for the diagnosis and management of Cushing syndrome (CS). With emerging research and increasing availability of different tests, updated consensus on the utility of these biomarkers is warranted. Objective To establish an updated consensus on the role of biomarkers in the diagnosis and monitoring of adrenocorticotropic hormone-dependent CS, address novel therapeutic approaches, and identify areas for future research. Design A modified 2-round Delphi panel was conducted. Consensus was defined as ≥70% agreement/disagreement for Likert-scale statements or ≥70% selection of the same option for single-choice questions. Setting Participants represented a range of international expertise. Participants Forty-one participants took part in the Delphi panel, with no attrition between rounds (one nonclinician was not required to complete the second round). An 8-member Steering Committee guided statement development. Results Of statements designed to reach consensus, 45% (14/31) and 44% (11/25) statements reached consensus in Rounds 1 and 2, respectively. Notably, most panelists reported the use of late-night salivary cortisol for diagnosis of mild CS and for monitoring following pituitary surgery or medical or radiation therapy. Most panelists responded that block-and-replace therapies can be considered in patients with cyclical or severe CS, and consensus was reached that restoration of circadian rhythm is a treatment goal for patients with CS. Conclusion Areas of alignment among experts on the diagnosis and monitoring of CS are presented. The findings from this study are intended to support clinicians in their clinical decision-making and highlight priority areas for future research.

Abstract Disclosure: C.S. Pan: None. E. Melson: None. T. Ogiliev: None. D. Zhou: None. S.Y. Ng: None. F. Rezai: None. Z. Olateju: None. E. Radcliffe: None. P. Balendran: None. A. Radcliffe: None. G.M. Lau: None. J. Sheikh: None. H. Kaur: None. C. Cooper: None. F. Abdelhameed: None. F. Pang: None. S. Bhatt: None. D. Shabbir: None. M. Davitadze: None. A. Prete: None. C.L. Ronchi: None. I. Bancos: None. V. Chortis: None. J.D. Newell-Price: None. H.L. Simpson: None. H. Gleeson: None. K. Manolopoulos: None. J. Chu: None. M.W. O'Reilly: None. W. Arlt: None. C. Gillett: None. P. Kempegowda: None. O. SIMBA team: None. Introduction: Simulation via Instant Messaging - Birmingham Advance (SIMBA) is an effective educational platform in increasing clinicians’ confidence in managing various endocrine conditions (Melson, 2020). However, it has lacked input from the patients living with these conditions. We hypothesize that engaging patients and members of the public can inform clinicians to better tailor management to suit the concerns and expectations of patients. Methods: Two virtual simulation sessions covering topics related to Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PPI-PCOS) and Adrenal conditions (PPI-Adrenal) were organized for clinicians. Nine cases were simulated using anonymized real-life patient data. Members of the general public living with PCOS or Adrenal conditions were recruited from several support groups to undergo a workshop-style discussion to provide their opinions on how representative the cases were and how the management of the condition could be improved. At the end of the simulations, all clinicians and patients were invited to a panel discussion led by expert consultants over Zoom incorporating the summaries from the workshops. Pre- and post-simulation surveys were distributed to measure the change in clinicians’ confidence using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Thematic analysis was used to identify gaps in knowledge and expectations between clinicians and patients with PCOS or Adrenal conditions. Results: Self-reported confidence by clinicians in the management of PCOS (n=25) and Adrenal conditions (n=23) increased post-simulation (PPI-PCOS simulated:+41.0%, p<0.001; non-simulated:+40.0%, p<0.001. PPI-Adrenal simulated:+22.5% (p=0.0001); non-simulated:+24.0% (p=0.0005)). 90% and 100% of patients agreed PPI-PCOS benefits patients to understand their condition better, and helps clinicians and patients understand each other’s perspectives respectively, whereas this is true for 80% of patients from PPI-Adrenal regarding both aspects. Recurring themes identified through thematic analysis included approach to handling complexities resulting in delayed diagnosis or management, the need for personalized care, lack of information provided to patients with regards to the progression of symptoms, complications or treatment received. Conclusion: PPI-PCOS and PPI-Adrenal were effective in increasing the knowledge and understanding of PCOS and Adrenal conditions for both members of the general public and healthcare professionals. They also helped narrow the gap in knowledge and expectations by exchanging perspectives through a common dialogue. Presentation: Thursday, June 15, 2023

Abstract Objective To assess (1) comorbidities associated with and (2) treatment strategies for patients with adrenal incidentalomas and mild autonomous cortisol secretion (MACS; > 1.8 µg/dL (>50 nmol/L) cortisol level cut-off following the 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test). Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods Seven databases were searched up to July 14, 2022. Eligible studies were (randomized) trials, cohort studies, and cross-sectional studies assessing comorbidities potentially attributable to cortisol excess or mortality in patients with adrenal incidentaloma with or without MACS or the effects of conservative or surgical management of MACS. Random-effects meta-analysis was performed to estimate pooled proportions (with 95% CIs). Results In 30 cross-sectional and 16 cohort studies (n = 17 156 patients in total), patients with MACS had a higher prevalence of diabetes (relative risk [RR] 1.44 [1.23-1.69]), hypertension (RR = 1.24 [1.16-1.32]), and dyslipidemia (RR = 1.23 [1.13-1.34]). All-cause mortality (adjusted for confounders) in patients with MACS, assessed in 4 studies (n = 5921), was increased (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.54 [1.27-1.81]). Nine observational studies (n = 856) and 2 randomized trials (n = 107) suggest an improvement in glucometabolic control (RR = 7.99 [2.95-21.90]), hypertension (RR = 8.75 [3.99-19.18]), and dyslipidemia (RR = 3.24 [1.19-8.82]) following adrenalectomy. Conclusions The present systematic review and meta-analysis highlight the relevance of MACS, since both cardiometabolic morbidities and mortality appeared to have increased in patients with MACS compared to patients with non-functioning incidentalomas. However, due to heterogeneous definitions, various outcomes, selective reporting, and missing data, the reported pooled estimates need to be interpreted with caution. The small number of patients in randomized trials prevents any strong conclusion on the causality between MACS and these comorbidities.

Abstract Adrenal incidentalomas are adrenal masses detected on imaging performed for reasons other than suspected adrenal disease. In most cases, adrenal incidentalomas are nonfunctioning adrenocortical adenomas but may also require therapeutic intervention including that for adrenocortical carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, hormone-producing adenoma, or metastases. Here, we provide a revision of the first international, interdisciplinary guidelines on incidentalomas. We followed the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation system and updated systematic reviews on 4 predefined clinical questions crucial for the management of incidentalomas: (1) How to assess risk of malignancy?; (2) How to define and manage mild autonomous cortisol secretion?; (3) Who should have surgical treatment and how should it be performed?; and (4) What follow-up is indicated if the adrenal incidentaloma is not surgically removed? Selected Recommendations: (1) Each adrenal mass requires dedicated adrenal imaging. Recent advances now allow discrimination between risk categories: Homogeneous lesions with Hounsfield unit (HU) ≤ 10 on unenhanced CT are benign and do not require any additional imaging independent of size. All other patients should be discussed in a multidisciplinary expert meeting, but only lesions >4 cm that are inhomogeneous or have HU >20 have sufficiently high risk of malignancy that surgery will be the usual management of choice. (2) Every patient needs a thorough clinical and endocrine work-up to exclude hormone excess including the measurement of plasma or urinary metanephrines and a 1-mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test (applying a cutoff value of serum cortisol ≤50 nmol/L [≤1.8 µg/dL]). Recent studies have provided evidence that most patients without clinical signs of overt Cushing's syndrome but serum cortisol levels post dexamethasone >50 nmol/L (>1.8 µg/dL) harbor increased risk of morbidity and mortality. For this condition, we propose the term “mild autonomous cortisol secretion” (MACS). (3) All patients with MACS should be screened for potential cortisol-related comorbidities that are potentially attributably to cortisol (eg, hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus), to ensure these are appropriately treated. (4) In patients with MACS who also have relevant comorbidities surgical treatment should be considered in an individualized approach. (5) The appropriateness of surgical intervention should be guided by the likelihood of malignancy, the presence and degree of hormone excess, age, general health, and patient preference. We provide guidance on which surgical approach should be considered for adrenal masses with radiological findings suspicious of malignancy. (6) Surgery is not usually indicated in patients with an asymptomatic, nonfunctioning unilateral adrenal mass and obvious benign features on imaging studies. Furthermore, we offer recommendations for the follow-up of nonoperated patients, management of patients with bilateral incidentalomas, for patients with extra-adrenal malignancy and adrenal masses, and for young and elderly patients with adrenal incidentalomas. Finally, we suggest 10 important research questions for the future.

Background Corticotroph tumor progression (CTP) leading to Nelson’s syndrome (NS) is a severe and difficult-to-treat complication subsequent to bilateral adrenalectomy (BADX) for Cushing’s disease. Its characteristics are not well described, and consensus recommendations for diagnosis and treatment are missing. Methods A systematic literature search was performed focusing on clinical studies and case series (≥5 patients). Definition, cumulative incidence, treatment and long-term outcomes of CTP/NS after BADX were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results were presented and discussed at an interdisciplinary consensus workshop attended by international pituitary experts in Munich on October 28, 2018. Results Data covered definition and cumulative incidence (34 studies, 1275 patients), surgical outcome (12 studies, 187 patients), outcome of radiation therapy (21 studies, 273 patients), and medical therapy (15 studies, 72 patients). Conclusions We endorse the definition of CTP-BADX/NS as radiological progression or new detection of a pituitary tumor on thin-section MRI. We recommend surveillance by MRI after 3 months and every 12 months for the first 3 years after BADX. Subsequently, we suggest clinical evaluation every 12 months and MRI at increasing intervals every 2–4 years (depending on ACTH and clinical parameters). We recommend pituitary surgery as first-line therapy in patients with CTP-BADX/NS. Surgery should be performed before extrasellar expansion of the tumor to obtain complete and long-term remission. Conventional radiotherapy or stereotactic radiosurgery should be utilized as second-line treatment for remnant tumor tissue showing extrasellar extension

Adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is an orphan disease lacking effective systemic treatment options. The low incidence of the disease and high cost of clinical trials are major obstacles in the search for improved treatment strategies. As a novel approach, registry-based clinical trials have been introduced in clinical research, so allowing for significant cost reduction, but without compromising scientific benefit. Herein, we describe how the European Network for the Study of Adrenal Tumours (ENSAT) could transform its current registry into one fit for a clinical trial infrastructure. The rationale to perform randomized registry-based trials in ACC is outlined including an analysis of relevant limitations and challenges. We summarize a survey on this concept among ENSAT members who expressed a strong interest in the concept and rated its scientific potential as high. Legal aspects, including ethical approval of registry-based randomization were identified as potential obstacles. Finally, we describe three potential randomized registry-based clinical trials in an adjuvant setting and for advanced disease with a high potential to be executed within the framework of an advanced ENSAT registry. Thus we, therefore, provide the basis for future registry-based trials for ACC patients. This could ultimately provide proof-of-principle of how to perform more effective randomized trials for an orphan disease.

Abstract Objective. Several smaller studies on adrenal incidentalomas (AI) suggested an association between autonomous cortisol secretion (ACS) and mortality (Di Dalmazi Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2014, Debono J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014, Patrova Endocrine 2017). However, a recent meta-analysis (9 studies, 1356 patients) could not confirm these findings (Elhassan Ann Intern Med 2019). Aim. To investigate the effects of ACS on mortality, prevalence of cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, and (CV) morbidity, in a representative cohort of AI. Design. Retrospective observational study conducted at 27 ENS@T centers from 15 countries. Methods. Inclusion criteria: AI diagnosed 1996-2015, 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test, follow-up (FU) of ≥36 months, known survival status. Exclusion criteria: clinically relevant adrenal hormone excess (i.e. Cushing’s syndrome, pheochromocytoma, primary hyperaldosteronism), known malignancy. Patient stratification: serum cortisol after dexamethasone (>5 µg/dl, ACS; 1.9-5 µg/dl, possible ACS (PACS); ≤1.8 µg/dl, non-functioning adenoma (NFA)). Definition of CV events (CVE): hospitalization due to myocardial infarction and related interventions (PTCA, surgical bypass), stroke, deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism. Results. 3640 patients (57% NFA, 36% PACS, 7% ACS) were considered eligible: 64% females; median age 61 years (range 18-91); median FU 84 months (36-277) (distribution between subgroups n.s.). 352 patients died during FU. Age- and sex adjusted overall survival was significantly reduced in patients with PACS (HR 1.55; 95%CI 1.24-1.94) and ACS (1.84; 1.29-2.61). Prevalence of CV risk factors were significantly higher in PACS and ACS than in NFA (hypertension: 72, 73, 57%, p<0.0001; dyslipidemia: 42, 49, 35%, p<0.0001; diabetes: 22, 25, 17%, p<0.0001) When adjusted to relevant confounders (i.e. age, sex, CV risk factors), time to first CVE was shorter in PACS (HR 1.36; 1.07-1.73) and ACS (HR 1.62; 1.10-2.40) compared to NFA. Conclusion. PACS and ACS are associated with increased overall mortality and CV morbidity. However, to prove causality a large randomized intervention trial is required.

By definition, an adrenal incidentaloma is an asymptomatic adrenal mass detected on imaging not performed for suspected adrenal disease. In most cases, adrenal incidentalomas are nonfunctioning adrenocortical adenomas, but may also represent conditions requiring therapeutic intervention (e.g. adrenocortical carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, hormone-producing adenoma or metastasis). The purpose of this guideline is to provide clinicians with best possible evidence-based recommendations for clinical management of patients with adrenal incidentalomas based on the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) system. We predefined four main clinical questions crucial for the management of adrenal incidentaloma patients, addressing these four with systematic literature searches: (A) How to assess risk of malignancy?; (B) How to define and manage low-level autonomous cortisol secretion, formerly called ‘subclinical’ Cushing’s syndrome?; (C) Who should have surgical treatment and how should it be performed?; (D) What follow-up is indicated if the adrenal incidentaloma is not surgically removed? Selected recommendations: (i) At the time of initial detection of an adrenal mass establishing whether the mass is benign or malignant is an important aim to avoid cumbersome and expensive follow-up imaging in those with benign disease. (ii) To exclude cortisol excess, a 1mg overnight dexamethasone suppression test should be performed (applying a cut-off value of serum cortisol ≤50nmol/L (1.8µg/dL)). (iii) For patients without clinical signs of overt Cushing’s syndrome but serum cortisol levels post 1mg dexamethasone >138nmol/L (>5µg/dL), we propose the term ‘autonomous cortisol secretion’. (iv) All patients with ‘(possible) autonomous cortisol’ secretion should be screened for hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus, to ensure these are appropriately treated. (v) Surgical treatment should be considered in an individualized approach in patients with ‘autonomous cortisol secretion’ who also have comorbidities that are potentially related to cortisol excess. (vi) In principle, the appropriateness of surgical intervention should be guided by the likelihood of malignancy, the presence and degree of hormone excess, age, general health and patient preference. (vii) Surgery is not usually indicated in patients with an asymptomatic, nonfunctioning unilateral adrenal mass and obvious benign features on imaging studies. We provide guidance on which surgical approach should be considered for adrenal masses with radiological findings suspicious of malignancy. Furthermore, we offer recommendations for the follow-up of patients with adrenal incidentaloma who do not undergo adrenal surgery, for those with bilateral incidentalomas, for patients with extra-adrenal malignancy and adrenal masses and for young and elderly patients with adrenal incidentalomas