Citations

Abstract RATIONALE: The diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism (PE) is associated with high mortality and morbidity. In patients with cancer, high-risk pulmonary emboli further escalate these risks. Ensuring access to the necessary resources for appropriate intervention is crucial for improving patient outcomes. However, the resource-intensive nature of managing multiple life-threatening conditions can create barriers for certain demographic populations, leading to disparities in outcomes. To address this issue, we explored mortality trends among diverse groups based on gender, ethnicity, and geographical background in the United States from 1999-2000. METHODS: We obtained mortality data from death certificate queries in the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wide-range Online Data for Epidemiologic Research database. Queries included all decedents with the underlying cause of death being PE (I26) in patients with a diagnosis of cancer (C00 – C97). Age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMR) per 100,000 people were compared across demographic populations, and 95% Confidence Intervals were standardized to the year 2000. Log-linear regression models were utilized to assess temporal mortality shifts and calculate annual percentage change (APC) from 1999 to 2020. RESULTS: A total of 179483 PE-related deaths was reported in patients with cancer. The AAMR increased from 2.14 [2.08-2.19] in 1999 to 3.05 [3.00-3.11] in 2020. The cumulative AAMR was 2.42 [2.41-2.43] with an average APC of +1.56% (p<0.001). The mortality rate accelerated following the year 2016, with the years prior having an APC of +0.69%, (p<0.001) and the years following having an APC +5.33% (p<0.001). A higher mortality was observed in males (AAMR 2.71 [2.69-2.73]) than females (2.20 [2.18-2.21]), in rural communities (AAMR 2.50 [2.47-2.53]) compared to urban communities (AAMR 2.38 [2.37-2.40]), and in non-Hispanic (AAMR 2.48 [2.47-2.49]) populations over Hispanic populations (AAMR 1.45 [1.42-1.48]). Mortality was highest in the Black population (AAMR 3.65 [3.60-3.69]), followed by White population (AAMR 2.33 [2.32-2.34]), American Natives (AAMR 1.43 [1.33-1.54]), and Asian (AAMR 1.04 [1.00-1.08]). Geographically, Midwest (AAMR 2.58 [2.56-2.61]) had the highest mortality while the South (AAMR 2.26 [2.24-2.28]) had the lowest mortality. CONCLUSIONS: We identified significant disparities in mortality related to pulmonary embolism (PE) among cancer patients across different demographic populations. Further investigation into these healthcare inequities is essential for addressing the disparities affecting various groups.

Abstract Rationale: Since the initial descriptions of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), there has been a significant increase in PAH diagnoses among the geriatric population. Studies suggest that older PAH patients exhibit unique hemodynamic profiles and treatment responses. We hypothesized that patients ≥80 years old would have a unique clinical profile and worse outcomes. Methods: The Pulmonary Hypertension Association Registry (PHAR) is a prospective cohort of PAH and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) patients new to care at a Pulmonary Hypertension Care Center in the US. Individuals <18 years of age and those with CTEPH were excluded. Clinical data, quality of life measures, and functional capacity were recorded at time of enrollment and at follow up visits. Octogenarians were defined as those ≥80 years old and non-octogenarians as <80 years old. Associations between age subgroups with the change in six-minute walk distance (6MWD), and worsened WHO functional class (WHO FC) at the next visit, and time to all-cause mortality were assessed using linear, binomial, and Cox regression, respectively. Results: The study sample included 87 PAH octogenarian patients and 2,583 non-octogenarian patients at enrollment. The Table shows that octogenarian PAH patients were of similar sex and race distribution as others, but had lower body mass index. Octogenarians were more likely to have idiopathic or CTD-related PAH, and differed from younger patients in terms of several sociodemographic variables. PAH treatment, WHO FC, quality of life, and hemodynamic also differed between the groups. Octogenarians had a lower change in 6MWD (-26m, 95%CI -52 – -2, p = 0.066) and worse WHO FC (2.0, 95%CI 1.1 – 3.8, p = 0.038) over time compared to other adults after adjustment for sex, BMI, PAH etiology, annual income, marital status, right atrial pressure, mean pulmonary artery pressure, and PAH treatment. Octogenarians had an increased risk of death compared to younger adults (hazard ratio 1.7, 95%CI 1.1 – 2.6, p = 0.022) after adjustment for covariates. Conclusions: While the eldest PAH patients may have some comparable features to younger patients, they are different in a variety of socioeconomic variables, disease type, hemodynamics, and number of PAH therapies. The eldest PAH patients demonstrate worse exercise and functional capacity with time and a 70% increased risk of death compared to younger patients. Further studies are needed to better characterize PAH in the elderly, as this may lead to more effective treatments and enhanced quality of life.

Abstract Rationale Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The extent of medication nonadherence in PAH is uncertain and may be linked to adverse outcomes. There has been a lack of multicenter, registry-based studies assessing medication nonadherence and patient-centered outcomes in PAH. Objectives To determine the prevalence of self-reported nonadherence in Pulmonary Hypertension Association Registry (PHAR) participants with PAH or chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension and the relationship of nonadherence with several patient-centered outcomes (mortality, hospitalization rates, emergency department visits, and health-related quality of life). Methods Self-reported PAH medication nonadherence was captured at PHAR enrollment and during follow-up visits. Predictors of nonadherence were modeled using generalized estimating equations assuming a binary distribution. Outcomes associated with nonadherence were modeled using generalized estimating equations with a Poisson distribution. Results A total of 1,543 patients were included, of whom 1,092 (70.8%) were female and 1,340 (86.8%) had PAH. The overall rate of any self-reported nonadherence was 6.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 5.3–6.9). Predictors of nonadherence included self-reported male sex at birth (odds ratio [OR], 1.4; 95% CI, 1.0–1.9; P = 0.02), poverty (OR, 1.6; 95% CI, 1.2–2.3; P = 0.01), not being married or partnered (OR, 1.5; 95% CI, 1.1–1.9; P = 0.01), having Medicaid or no health insurance (OR, 2.1; 95% CI, 1.5–2.9; P < 0.001), and having completed high school but not having a college degree (OR, 1.7; 95% CI, 1.1–2.9; P < 0.001). PHAR participants who reported any nonadherence had 50.0% more emergency department visits (P < 0.001), 13.3% more hospital admissions (P = 0.03), and 61.9% more days hospitalized (P = 0.01). No relationship was observed between nonadherence and the type or number of PAH therapies or all-cause mortality. Participants reporting nonadherence had worse mean Short Form-12 scores (P < 0.001) and worse emPHasis-10 scores (P = 0.02). Conclusions The rate of self-reported nonadherence in PHAR registrants was low but was associated with male sex and several social determinants of health. Although the complexity or type of PAH regimen did not appear to influence nonadherence, nonadherence was associated with numerous adverse patient-centered outcomes, including greater healthcare use and worse health-related quality of life. Because of limitations in the structure of the gathered data, relationships between exposure and outcomes were not temporally definitive; these observations warrant additional prospective studies.

AbstractRight heart (RH) structure and function are major determinants of symptoms and prognosis in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). RH imaging provides detailed information, but evidence and guidelines on the use of RH imaging in treatment decisions are limited. We conducted a Delphi study to gather expert opinion on the role of RH imaging in decision‐making for treatment escalation in PAH. A panel of 17 physicians with expertise in PAH and RH imaging used three surveys in a modified Delphi process to reach consensus on the role of RH imaging in PAH. Survey 1 used open‐ended questions to gather information. Survey 2 contained Likert scale and other questions intended to identify consensus on topics identified in Survey 1. Survey 3 contained Likert scale questions derived from Survey 2 and summary information on the results of Survey 2. The Delphi panel reached consensus that RH imaging is likely to improve the current risk stratification algorithms and help differentiate risk levels in patients at intermediate risk. Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, right ventricular fractional area change, right atrial area, tricuspid regurgitation, inferior venae cavae diameter, and pericardial effusion should be part of routine echocardiography in PAH. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging is valuable but limited by cost and access. A pattern of abnormal RH imaging results should prompt consideration of hemodynamic evaluation and possible treatment escalation. RH imaging is an important tool for decisions about treatment escalation in PAH, but systematically collected evidence is needed to clarify its role.

Background Current mortality data for pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in the United States are based on registries that enrolled patients prior to 2010. We sought to determine mortality in PAH in the modern era using the PHAR (Pulmonary Hypertension Association Registry). Methods and Results We identified all adult patients with PAH enrolled in the PHAR between September 2015 and September 2020 (N=935). We used Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards models to assess mortality at 1, 2, and 3 years. Patients were stratified based on disease severity by 3 validated risk scores. In treatment‐naïve patients, we compared survival based on initial treatment strategy. The median age was 56 years (44–68 years), and 76% were women. Of the 935 patients, 483 (52%) were ≤6 months from PAH diagnosis. There were 121 deaths (12.9%) during a median follow‐up time of 489 days (281–812 days). The 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐year mortality was 8% (95% CI, 6%–10%), 16% (95% CI, 13%–19%), and 21% (95% CI, 17%–25%), respectively. When stratified into low‐, intermediate‐, and high‐risk PAH, the mortality at 1, 2, and 3 years was 1%, 4% to 6%, and 7% to 11% for low risk; 7% to 8%, 11% to 16%, and 18% to 20% for intermediate risk; and 12% to 19%, 22% to 38%, and 28% to 55% for high risk, respectively. In treatment‐naïve patients, initial combination therapy was associated with better 1‐year survival (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.43 [95% CI, 0.19–0.95]; P =0.037). Conclusions Mortality in the intermediate‐ and high‐risk patients with PAH remains unacceptably high in the PHAR, suggesting the importance for early diagnosis, aggressive use of available therapies, and the need for better therapeutics.

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) is a rare, morbid, potentially curable subtype of pulmonary hypertension that negatively impacts health‐related quality of life (HRQoL). Little is known about differences in HRQoL and hospitalization between CTEPH patients and idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) patients. Using multivariable linear regression and mixed effects models, we examined differences in HRQoL assessed by emPHasis‐10 (E10) and SF‐12 between CTEPH and IPAH patients in the Pulmonary Hypertension Association Registry, a prospective multicenter cohort of patients newly evaluated at a Pulmonary Hypertension Care Center. Multivariable negative binomial regression models were used to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRR) for hospitalization amongst the two groups. We included 461 IPAH patients and 169 CTEPH patients. Twenty‐one percent of CTEPH patients underwent pulmonary thromboendarterectomy (PTE) before the end of follow‐up. At baseline, patients with CTEPH had significantly worse HRQoL (higher E10 scores) (ß 2.83, SE 1.11, p = 0.01); however, differences did not persist over time. CTEPH patients had higher rates of hospitalization (excluding the hospitalization for PTE) compared to IPAH patients after adjusting for age, sex, body mass index, WHO functional class and six‐minute walk distance (IRR 1.66, 95%CI 1.04–2.65, p = 0.03). CTEPH patients who underwent PTE had improved HRQoL as compared to those who were medically managed, but patients who underwent PTE were younger, had higher cardiac outputs and greater six‐minute walk distances. In this large, prospective, multicenter cohort, CTEPH patients had significantly worse baseline HRQoL and higher rates of hospitalizations than those with IPAH. CTEPH patients who underwent PTE had significant improvements in HRQoL.

Compared to idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH), patients with portopulmonary hypertension (POPH) have worse survival. Health disparities may contribute to these differences but have not been studied. We sought to compare socioeconomic factors in patients with POPH and IPAH and to determine whether socioeconomic status and/or POPH diagnosis were associated with treatment and health‐care utilization. We performed a cross‐sectional study of adults enrolled in the Pulmonary Hypertension Association Registry. Patients with IPAH (n = 344) and POPH (n = 57) were compared. Compared with IPAH, patients with POPH were less likely to be college graduates (19.6% vs. 34.9%, p = 0.02) and more likely to be unemployed (54.7% vs. 30.5%, p < 0.001) and have an annual household income below poverty level (45.7% vs. 19.0%, p < 0.001). Patients with POPH had similar functional class, quality of life, 6‐min walk distance, and mean pulmonary arterial pressure with a higher cardiac index. Compared with IPAH, patients with POPH were less likely to receive combination therapy (46.4% vs. 62.2%, p = 0.03) and endothelin receptor antagonists (28.6% vs. 55.1%, p < 0.001) at enrollment with similar treatment at follow‐up. Patients with POPH had more emergency department visits (1.7 ± 2.1 vs. 0.9 ± 1.2, p = 0.009) and hospitalizations in the six months preceding enrollment (1.5 ± 2.1 vs. 0.8 ± 1.1, p = 0.02). Both POPH diagnosis and lower education level were independently associated with a higher number of emergency department visits. Compared to IPAH, patients with POPH have lower socioeconomic status, are less likely to receive initial combination therapy and endothelin receptor antagonists but have similar treatment at follow‐up, and have increased health‐care utilization.