Citations

ABSTRACT Background Olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) exhibits variable recurrence patterns, with significant late recurrences occurring years after treatment. We investigated cutoff periods to define late recurrence and identified predictors that distinguish patients at risk of late recurrence from those considered cured. Methods From a multi‐institutional cohort of 219 ONB patients treated at nine centers, we analyzed 77 patients with documented recurrence. Using a 48‐month cutoff to define early (< 48 months) versus late (≥ 48 months) recurrence, we evaluated 35 clinical, anatomic, and treatment variables using Firth penalized logistic regression across three comparisons: (1) late versus early recurrence timing, (2) late recurrence versus no recurrence, and (3) early recurrence versus no recurrence. Results Thirty‐four of the 77 (44.2%) recurrences were classified as late. Among the 77 patients who recurred, smaller tumor volume (OR 0.243, p = 0.035) and lower novel Dulguerov staging (OR 0.802, p = 0.038) were associated with late, rather than early recurrence. When patients with late recurrence were compared to those who remained disease‐free, radiographic skull base bone involvement was the strongest independent predictor (OR 2.90, 95% CI 1.14–8.64, p = 0.025), and this effect strengthened after adjusting for tumor volume (OR 3.80, p = 0.029). Pathologic dural invasion (OR 3.29, p = 0.013), Kadish stage (OR 2.02, p = 0.026), and T‐stage (OR 1.32, p = 0.040) were also significant. Conclusions A 48‐month cutoff effectively stratifies ONB recurrence risk. Skull base bone involvement independently predicts recurrence when compared to nonrecurrent cases and uniquely persists as a risk factor for late recurrence. These findings establish skull base bone involvement as a novel biomarker for risk‐stratified surveillance protocols.

Background: Sinonasal malignancies (SNM) are rare cancers associated with poor prognosis and impaired quality of life (QOL). The 22-question Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) has been used to assess QOL in patients with SNM. Objective: To determine the minimal clinically important difference (MCID) for the SNOT-22 in patients with SNM. Methods: About 264 patients with SNM were drawn from a prospective, longitudinal, multi-institutional study. SNOT-22 scores were collected at pre-treatment baseline and follow-up through 5 years post-treatment. Cronbach’s alpha was used to assess the internal consistency of the SNOT-22. Distribution-based approaches were used to estimate the MCID. Multivariable regression identified factors associated with SNOT-22 improvement exceeding the determined MCID. Results: Cronbach’s alpha was >.85. The estimated MCIDs were: 1.44 (Cohen’s effect size), 1.32 (standard error of the mean), 10.45 (1/2 of baseline standard deviation), and 3.67 (minimum detectable change). The mean MCID across methods was 4.22. Multivariable regression demonstrated higher odds of clinically meaningful improvement from baseline in patients with early-stage disease (odds ratio (OR) 3.510, P = .035), no neck irradiation (OR 11.050, P = .014), and neoadjuvant therapy (OR 16.667, P = .047). Conclusions: The SNOT-22 MCID was estimated as 4.22 in a large multi-center cohort of patients with SNM, suggesting that relatively small QOL changes are clinically relevant. When applying the MCID to the current cohort, advanced stage, treatment of neck disease, and not requiring neoadjuvant therapy were predictive of worse QOL.

Abstract This review aims to update recent advancements in the management and treatment of olfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) based on discussions and topics highlighted during the 2024 North American Skull Base Society session “Literature Review: What's New in Olfactory Neuroblastoma?” A systematic review was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, focusing on relevant studies published between January 2022 and June 2024. Data were organized into themes: prognostication and staging, surgical concepts, biomarkers/genomics, imaging, syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone release and hyponatremia, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. Out of 289 initial records, 46 studies met eligibility criteria. Key findings include the proposed integration of Hyams grading and dural infiltration with traditional staging for better prognostic accuracy, a shift toward less invasive surgical techniques while maintaining clear resection margins, and the identification of biomarkers for improved diagnosis and targeted therapy. Advanced imaging modalities like DOTA-peptide tomography (positron emission tomography–computed tomography/magnetic resonance imaging) were highlighted for their diagnostic value. Variability in induction chemotherapy outcomes underscores the need for personalized treatment plans, and new radiotherapy techniques offer promising results with improving morbidity. Recent advancements in ONB management have enhanced prognostic accuracy, molecular diagnostics, imaging techniques, and treatment outcomes. Continuous research is necessary to optimize these strategies and further improve patient survival and quality of life.

ABSTRACT Objectives While maxillary sinus fungal balls (MSFB) can be associated with odontogenic conditions (MSFBO), MSFBO clinical and dental features have not been compared to odontogenic sinusitis (ODS). This multicenter study aimed to compare characteristics of MSFB, MSFBO, and ODS. Methods A multicenter international retrospective cohort study was conducted on adults with MSFBs and ODS who underwent sinus surgery. First in MSFBs, it was determined whether different dental conditions were more likely in FB versus non‐FB sides. Second, clinical features and dental pathologies were compared between MSFBO and ODS. For analyses, dental conditions were considered individually and as two groups: infectious pathologies and dental/oral procedures with indwelling metallic materials. Results After exclusions, there were 203 MSFBs and 163 ODS. Among MSFBs, 141 were MSFBOs. FB sides were associated with sinus protrusion of root canal treatment (RCT) materials ( p = 0.040) and dental implants ( p = 0.040). Compared to MSFBO, ODS patients were younger, more likely to have MS purulence (OR = 40.9, p < 0.010), more likely associated with apical periodontitis (OR = 2.59, p = 0.010) and oroantral fistulas (OR = 6.94, p = 0.020), and less likely associated with extruded RCT materials (OR = 0.01, p = 0.010) and protruded midface screws (OR < 0.01, p = 0.010). Comparing purulent MSFBO and ODS, ODS was more associated with infectious dental pathologies ( p < 0.009). Conclusion Compared to MSFBs, MSFBOs were associated with RCT extrusion and implant protrusion. Compared to MSFBOs, ODS was more likely purulent and associated with infectious dental pathologies. While ODS is often distinct from MSFBO, the two conditions can coexist, and surgeons must determine whether patients have infectious dental pathology requiring treatment with both conditions. Level of Evidence 4.

ABSTRACT Objective There is limited consensus on endoscopic skull base surgery (ESBS) reconstruction principles. This study aims to generate comprehensive themes regarding ESBS reconstruction by pooling the experiences of ESBS experts, with comparison to a literature review of current published evidence. Methods Structured qualitative interviews of ESBS experts regarding postoperative management and reconstruction of various defect locations were conducted. Results A total of 68 experts comprising 40 academic teams across 13 countries with an average of 18 years of ESBS experience were included. We propose 10 stepwise algorithms for common skull base reconstruction scenarios based on these expert interviews. When available, the nasoseptal flap is used for all high_flow cerebrospinal leak defects. Multilayered reconstruction is favored at all anatomical subsites with increasing number of layers for increasing defect size and complexity. Heterogeneity exists in terms of inlay technique and materials, free grafting versus various pedicled flap options for low‐flow defects or in the absence of a nasal septum, nasal packing, tissue sealant, lumbar drain use, and postoperative management. Commonalities and discrepancies between experts were summarized. Conclusion Skull base reconstruction and post‐ESBS management is highly complex with a wide variety of practice patterns and expert strategies. Further research of higher quality evidence is warranted to identify optimal management patterns, though the current work aims to inform surgeons on these controversial areas by drawing from numerous experiences.

ABSTRACTBackgroundOlfactory neuroblastoma (ONB) is a rare sinonasal malignancy primarily treated with surgery. For tumors arising from the olfactory area, traditional treatment involves transcribriform resection of the anterior cranial fossa. Surgery can be performed with unilateral or bilateral resection depending on extent of involvement; however, there are currently no studies comparing outcomes between the two.MethodsProspective and retrospective data on primary ONB patients were collected from a multicenter registry involving eight academic sites. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to create patient cohorts with similar baseline characteristics. Cox proportional hazards and Kaplan Meier analyses assessed overall survival (OS). Logistic regression assessed associations between extent of resection (unilateral versus bilateral) and tumor recurrence or postoperative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leak.ResultsA total of 187 ONB patients (47.6% female) with an average age of 53.6 ± 15.1 years were analyzed. Most tumors were unilateral (81.3%) and predominantly Kadish C (58.3%) or Hyams II (55.8%). Overall, 56.7% of patients underwent bilateral resection. Fifty‐four patients experienced tumor recurrence and nine had postoperative CSF leaks. Following PSM (n = 45/group), extent of resection was not associated with mortality (hazard ratio [HR] 1.73; p = 0.407) or OS (p = 0.400). There was no association between extent of resection and recurrence (odds ratio [OR] 0.90; p = 0.814) or postoperative CSF leak (OR 1.54; p = 0.647).ConclusionsFor ONB tumors where unilateral resection may be feasible and oncologically sound, the decision for unilateral versus bilateral resection showed no significant effect on survival, recurrence, or postoperative CSF leak. Oncologic outcomes may be comparable when resection is tailored to individual patient and tumor characteristics.

Background Sinonasal mucosal melanoma has poor survival despite multimodality treatment. While the impact of immunotherapy (IT) on metastatic cutaneous melanoma is well-defined, there are relatively little data on sinonasal mucosal melanoma. Objective We sought to define immunotherapy outcomes in patients with sinonasal mucosal melanoma. Methods A retrospective cohort study evaluated patients treated with IT during their overall treatment strategy for SNMM. Patient demographics, treatment, and survival outcomes were recorded. Results 52 patients had IT treatment for SNMM from 2000 to 2022, with an average age of 69.1 ± 11.9 years. The most common treatment was surgery with radiation and IT ( n = 26, 50%). Most regimens consisted of a combination of Nivolumab and Ipilimumab ( n = 17, 32.7%) or pembrolizumab ( n = 14, 26.9%). 44.2% of patients experienced reported complications. Overall survival at 1-, 2-, and 5 years was 86.9%, 74.1%, and 39.1%, respectively. Conclusion Approximately half of patients will have a local response following immunotherapy, but it is rare to have improvement at metastatic locations. Further research within our group will assess optimal timing and markers that are predictive of response.