Citations

BACKGROUND: The adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette, subfamily B, member 1 gene ( ABCB1 ) encodes P-glycoprotein (P-gp) that influences the intracellular transport of solutes including endogenous opioid peptides. The primary objective of this study was to determine the effects of the ABCB1 polymorphism c.3435C>T (rs10454642) on heat pain (HP) perception in a group of opioid-free adults with chronic pain. METHODS: Opioid-free adults with chronic pain consecutively admitted to a pain rehabilitation program comprised the study cohort (N = 134). Individuals were genotyped for the c.3435C>T (rs10454642) polymorphism. The polymorphism was analyzed with nonparametric tests using a dominant (cytosine-cytosine [CC] versus cytosine-thymine [CT] + thymine-thymine [TT]) and recessive (CC + CT versus TT) model of allele effects. Quantitative sensory testing was performed using the Computer Aided Sensory Evaluator IV system. RESULTS: The distribution of genotypes was 22% (N = 29) for CC, 45% (N = 60) for CT, and 33% (N = 45) for TT (Hardy-Weinberg, P > .1). A significant association was observed between the recessive model and HP threshold. Standardized values of HP threshold were significantly greater in the TT group than the CC + CT group (median difference, −0.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], −1.49 to −0.23; P = .005), and the effect size estimate was small (Cliff delta = 0.30). In the dominant model, no significant difference in HP threshold was observed between the CC and CT + TT groups (median difference, −0.45; 95% CI, −1.15 to 0.00; P = .108). CONCLUSIONS: These results posit that the efflux of endogenous opioid peptides is reduced in individuals with the TT genotype due to lower expression of P-gp, which, in turn, results in higher HP threshold. This study contributes to the emerging understanding of how the ABCB1 c.3435C>T polymorphism contributes to pain perception in opioid-free adults with chronic pain and provides the foundation for investigating the potential effects of this polymorphism on the clinical course of chronic pain.

BACKGROUND: Two prior population-based (children born in Olmsted County, MN), retrospective cohort studies both found that multiple exposures to anesthesia before age 3 were associated with a significant increase in the frequency of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and learning disabilities (LD) later in life. The primary purpose of this secondary analysis of these data was to test the hypothesis that a single exposure to anesthesia before age 3 was associated with an increased risk of ADHD. We also examined the association of single exposures with LD and the need for individualized educational plans as secondary outcomes. METHODS: This analysis includes 5339 children who were unexposed to general anesthesia before age 3 (4876 born from 1976 to 1982 and 463 born from 1996 to 2000), and 1054 children who had a single exposure to anesthesia before age 3 (481 born from 1976 to 1982 and 573 born from 1996 to 2000). The primary outcome of interest was ADHD. Secondary outcomes included LD (reading, mathematics, and written language) and the need for individualized educational programs (speech/language and emotion/behavior). To compare the incidence of each outcome between those who were unexposed and singly exposed to anesthesia before the age of 3 years, an inverse probability of treatment weighted proportional hazards model was used. RESULTS: For children not exposed to anesthesia, the estimated cumulative frequency (95% confidence interval [CI]) of ADHD at age 18 was 7.3% (95% CI, 6.5–8.1) and 13.0% (95% CI, 10.1–16.8) for the 1976–1982 and 1996–2000 cohorts, respectively. For children exposed to a single anesthetic before age 3, the cumulative frequency of ADHD was 8.1% (95% CI, 5.3–12.4) and 17.6% (95% CI, 14.0–21.9) for the 1976–1982 and 1996–2000 cohorts, respectively. In weighted analyses, single exposures were not significantly associated with an increased frequency of ADHD (hazard ratio [HR], 1.21; 95% CI, 0.91–1.60; P = .184). Single exposures were also not associated with an increased frequency of any LD (HR, 0.98; 95% CI, 0.78–1.23), or the need for individualized education plans. CONCLUSIONS: This analysis did not find evidence that single exposures to procedures requiring general anesthesia, before age 3, are associated with an increased risk of developing ADHD, LD, or the need for individualized educational plans in later life.

The catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism has been associated with alterations in pain perception, but the influence of the polymorphism on pain perception in patients with chronic pain receiving daily opioid therapy has not been previously reported. The primary aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met polymorphism on heat pain perception in a cohort of adults receiving daily opioid therapy for chronic pain. Adults with chronic pain consecutively admitted to an outpatient pain rehabilitation program who met inclusion criteria and were receiving daily opioid therapy were recruited for study participation (N = 142). Individuals were genotyped for catechol-O-methyltransferase Val158Met (rs4680), and the polymorphism was analyzed using an additive and codominant genotype models. The distribution of the Val158Met genotypes was 25% for Val/Val, 41% for Val/Met and 34% for Met/Met (Hardy–Weinberg, P > 0.05). A main effect of genotype was observed for heat pain perception ( P = 0.028). Under the codominant model of allele effects, exploratory post hoc pairwise comparisons adjusted for morphine equivalent dose and pain catastrophizing demonstrated that individuals with the Val/Met genotype were hyperalgesic compared to individuals with the Val/Val ( P = 0.039) and Met/Met ( P = 0.023) genotypes. No significant association was observed between heat pain perception and genotype under the additive model of allele effects. Among patients with chronic pain who were receiving daily opioids, the Val/Met genotype was associated with hyperalgesia using a measure of heat pain perception that has been previously indicative of opioid-induced hyperalgesia in other heterogeneous samples of adults with chronic pain. This study contributes to the emerging understanding of how catechol-O-methyltransferase activity affects pain perception in the context of daily opioid use, and these findings may be useful in the design of future trials aimed at investigating the potential efficacy of ß-2 adrenergic receptor antagonism for opioid-induced hyperalgesia.

Abstract Background Few studies of how exposure of children to anesthesia may affect neurodevelopment employ comprehensive neuropsychological assessments. This study tested the hypothesis that exposure to multiple, but not single, procedures requiring anesthesia before age 3 yr is associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Methods Unexposed, singly exposed, and multiply exposed children born in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1994 to 2007 were sampled using a propensity-guided approach and underwent neuropsychological testing at ages 8 to 12 or 15 to 20 yr. The primary outcome was the Full-Scale intelligence quotient standard score of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. Secondary outcomes included individual domains from a comprehensive neuropsychological assessment and parent reports. Results In total, 997 children completed testing (411, 380, and 206 unexposed, singly exposed, and multiply exposed, respectively). The primary outcome of intelligence quotient did not differ significantly according to exposure status; multiply exposed and singly exposed children scoring 1.3 points (95% CI, −3.8 to 1.2; P = 0.32) and 0.5 points (95% CI, −2.8 to 1.9; P = 0.70) lower than unexposed children, respectively. For secondary outcomes, processing speed and fine motor abilities were decreased in multiply but not singly exposed children; other domains did not differ. The parents of multiply exposed children reported increased problems related to executive function, behavior, and reading. Conclusions Anesthesia exposure before age 3 yr was not associated with deficits in the primary outcome of general intelligence. Although secondary outcomes must be interpreted cautiously, they suggest the hypothesis that multiple, but not single, exposures are associated with a pattern of changes in specific neuropsychological domains that is associated with behavioral and learning difficulties.

SummaryBackgroundUtilization of general anesthesia in children has important policy, economic, and healthcare delivery implications, yet there is little information regarding the epidemiology of these procedures in the United States.AimsThe primary objective of this study was to describe in a geographically defined population the incidence of procedures requiring general anesthesia up to the child's third birthday, and the patient characteristics associated with receiving these procedures. A secondary objective was to determine the proportion of children in the population who meet the risk criteria promulgated by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).MethodsA retrospective cohort of children born from 1994 to 2007 in Olmsted County, MN was established. Birth certificate information and receipt of general anesthesia before age 3 were collected. Proportional hazard regressions were performed to evaluate the association between characteristics of children and incidence of general anesthesia.ResultsAmong the 20 922 children in the cohort, 3120 (14.9%) underwent at least 1 general anesthesia before age 3. In multivariate regression, factors independently associated with receiving at least 1 procedure included prematurity, male sex, lower birth weight, cesarean delivery, a non‐Hispanic mother, and a White mother, controlling for multiple gestation, number of children previously born, age, education, and marital status of the mother. Seven hundred and twenty‐three children (3.5%) had at least 1 subsequent procedure. Estimated gestational age <32 weeks and low birth weight were independently associated with receiving repeated anesthesia. Eight hundred and twenty children (3.9%) had a single prolonged exposure above 3 hours, multiple exposures prior to age 3, or both.ConclusionApproximately 1 in 7 children were exposed to at least 1 episode of general anesthesia before age 3, and approximately 1 in 4 children who received general anesthesia fall within the high‐risk category as defined by the recent FDA warning. The apparent disparities in surgical utilization related to race and ethnicity in this study population deserve further exploration.

Abstract Background Exposure of young animals to general anesthesia causes neurodegeneration and lasting behavioral abnormalities; whether these findings translate to children remains unclear. This study used a population-based birth cohort to test the hypothesis that multiple, but not single, exposures to procedures requiring general anesthesia before age 3 yr are associated with adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes. Methods A retrospective study cohort was assembled from children born in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1996 to 2000 (inclusive). Propensity matching selected children exposed and not exposed to general anesthesia before age 3 yr. Outcomes ascertained via medical and school records included learning disabilities, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and group-administered ability and achievement tests. Analysis methods included proportional hazard regression models and mixed linear models. Results For the 116 multiply exposed, 457 singly exposed, and 463 unexposed children analyzed, multiple, but not single, exposures were associated with an increased frequency of both learning disabilities and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (hazard ratio for learning disabilities = 2.17 [95% CI, 1.32 to 3.59], unexposed as reference). Multiple exposures were associated with decreases in both cognitive ability and academic achievement. Single exposures were associated with modest decreases in reading and language achievement but not cognitive ability. Conclusions These findings in children anesthetized with modern techniques largely confirm those found in an older birth cohort and provide additional evidence that children with multiple exposures are more likely to develop adverse outcomes related to learning and attention. Although a robust association was observed, these data do not determine whether anesthesia per se is causal.

Each year millions of young children undergo procedures requiring sedation or general anesthesia. An increasing proportion of the anesthetics used are provided to optimize diagnostic imaging studies such as magnetic resonance imaging. Concern regarding the neurotoxicity of sedatives and anesthetics has prompted the US Food and Drug Administration to change labeling of anesthetics and sedative agents warning against repeated or prolonged exposure in young children. This review aims to summarize the risk of anesthesia in children with an emphasis on anesthetic-related neurotoxicity, acknowledge the value of pediatric neuroimaging, and address this call for conversation.