Citations

Neurostimulation is an increasingly common treatment option for medically intractable epilepsy. SANTE (Stimulation of the Anterior Nucleus of the Thalamus for Epilepsy) and Responsive Neurostimulation (RNS) System are landmark neurostimulation trials that utilized either duty cycle or a responsive stimulation paradigm. A seizure-free outcome is rarely observed with responsive and duty cycle neurostimulation devices. Chronic subthreshold cortical stimulation (CSCS) is a promising treatment for adult drug-resistant epilepsy involving eloquent cortex and has demonstrated safety and efficacy. Herein, the authors describe the surgical technique as well as details of stimulation programming involved in CSCS placement to facilitate the adoption of this promising treatment. The video can be found here: https://stream.cadmore.media/r10.3171/2024.4.FOCVID2422

OBJECTIVE Poor pain control has a negative impact on postoperative recovery and patient satisfaction. However, overzealous pain management, particularly with opioids, can confound serial neurological assessments, increase morbidity, and predispose patients to long-term dependence. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are effective in treating postoperative pain and can limit opioid intake, but their use has been limited in patients undergoing craniotomy for brain tumor resection due to concerns of an increased hemorrhage risk. Herein, the authors aim to 1) address the safety of NSAID use in the immediate postoperative setting and 2) determine whether NSAID administration decreases opioid use following craniotomy for tumor resection in adult patients. METHODS The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients 18 years and older with an estimated glomerular filtration rate ≥ 60 ml/min/body surface area who had undergone craniotomy for tumor resection at their institution between 2019 and 2021. NSAID use in the first 48 hours following surgery was recorded. Primary outcomes were postoperative hemorrhage requiring a return to the operating room before hospital discharge and within 30 days of surgery. Secondary outcomes were more-than-minimal hemorrhage that did not require reoperation, acute kidney injury, and total opioid use within 48 hours after craniotomy. RESULTS Among 1765 reviewed patient records, 1182 were eligible for inclusion in this analysis. Amid these records were 114 patients (9.6%) who had received at least one dose of an NSAID within 48 hours of their craniotomy. Four (0.3%) patients experienced bleeding requiring a return to operating room, one of whom was from the NSAID-treated group (RR 3.12, 95% CI 0.33–29.77, p = 0.30). No significant difference in nonoperative intracranial hemorrhage (RR 1.34, 95% CI 0.54–3.35, p = 0.53), postoperative acute kidney injury, or clinically significant extracranial bleeding was found between the NSAID and no-NSAID groups. Patients in the NSAID group had significantly higher oral morphine equivalent use (median 68 vs 30, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Postoperative NSAID use following craniotomy for tumor resection was not associated with an increased risk of hemorrhage requiring a return to the operating room. The authors noted higher opioid use in the patients treated with NSAIDs, which may reflect underlying reasons for the decision to treat patients with NSAIDs in the immediate postoperative period. These data warrant further investigation of NSAIDs as a safe, opioid-sparing postoperative pain management strategy in patients with normal kidney function who are undergoing intracranial tumor resection.

Introduction There have been several studies of Moyamoya disease (MMD) with concurrent autoimmune (AI) disease. It has been proposed that there may be a causal or synergistic effect of autoimmune and inflammatory conditions in patients with MMD. As such, in the present study we seek to characterizethe surgical outcomes of adults and children with MMD and coexisting AI conditions. Methods A systematic review was performed of published studies reporting patient level data of Moyamoya disease and concomitant autoimmune disease. Relevant studies were identified using Preferred reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis criteria. Results A total of 149 studies were included, encompassing 257 patients. Of the 257 patients with concurrent AI and MMD, 107 (88 females, 19 males) underwent surgery. The average age was 31.3 years (Range 5–65; SD 12.5). Five cases presented with hemorrhagic symptoms, 87 ischemic, and 15 were unspecified. The most commonly associated AI conditions were Graves’ disease (71 cases, 66.4%), Lupus (17 cases, 15.9%), and T1DM (6 cases, 5.6%).Follow‐up was reported in 25 cases and was an average of 17.8 months. Surgical outcomes were reported in 82 cases; 63 (76.8%) improved, 7 (8.5%) were stable, 9 (10.9%) developed a new deficit, and 3 (3.7%) died at most recent follow up. Eight patients (7.5%) had disease progression. 63 (58.8%) patients were treated with additional autoimmune therapy although this therapy did not lead to any difference in outcomes. Twenty patients (18.7%) required additional supportive medical therapy (eg: aspirin, statins). Conclusions Moyamoya disease may be multifactorial. Patients with concomitant AI and Moyamoya disease may be at increased risk and warrant additional surveillance or intervention. The ideal therapy for these patients remains to be understood. These findings warrant further study into optimal diagnostic and therapeutic techniques for concomitant MMD and AI conditions.

Introduction Moyamoya disease was first described in the 1950’s. After over six decades, however, the underlying etiology of Moyamoya still remains unknown. It has been postulated that underlying inflammatory or autoimmune (AI) processes may play a role in the development of this condition. In order to further investigate this hypothesis, we studied the clinical and epidemiological attributes of patients with concurrent Moyamoya disease and AI condition(s). Methods A systematic review was performed including studies reporting patient level data of Moyamoya disease and concomitant autoimmune disease. Relevant studies were identified using Preferred reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analysis criteria. Results There were 739 results of which 149 were included in this study. The first reports of concurrent Moyamoya and AI occurred in 1991 and involved 2 cases of Moyamoya and associated Graves’ disease. These patients were treated with antithyroid medication alone and showed improvement. Altogether, our search yielded a total of 257 patients (192 females, 48 males, 17 unspecified). A total of 158 cases were reported as “Moyamoya Disease” and 99 were reported as “Moyamoya Syndrome/Vasculopathy.” Most cases were ischemic (175 ischemic, 15 hemorrhagic) in nature. Bilaterality of the disease was reported in 130 cases, unilaterality in 34 cases. The most commonly reported ethnicity was Chinese (26 cases), followed by Japanese (17 cases), and Korean (17 cases). The most common co‐presenting AI conditions were Graves’ disease (150 cases, 58.4%), Lupus (26 cases, 10.1%), antiphospholipid syndrome (19 cases, 7.4%), Type 1 Diabetes (19 cases, 7.4%), and Multiple Sclerosis (7 cases, 2.7%). Conclusions There are numerous reports describing patients diagnosed with Moyamoya in addition to coexisting AI conditions. Our study shows that the demographic characteristics of co‐presentation align with the common autoimmune (female predominance) and Moyamoya (high east Asian prevalence) attributes. These results warrant further investigation into a possible causal or synergistic relationship between Moyamoya and AI disease.