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ABSTRACT Background ACS‐NSQIP began capturing operative approach in 2022. With increased adoption of minimally invasive (MIS) techniques for malignancy, a contemporary review of benchmark outcomes for open, laparoscopic and robotic gastrectomy is warranted. Methods We performed a retrospective cohort study of adults in ACS‐NSQIP (2022–2024) undergoing partial or total gastrectomy (CPT 43631‐4 and 43620‐2) for cancer. Outcomes included operative time, length of stay (LOS), unplanned conversion‐to‐open, and 30‐day morbidity, mortality, and readmission. Multivariable logistic regression evaluated patient and operative factors associated with morbidity. Results Among 1,459 patients (median age 66, 60.4% male), 66.8% underwent partial gastrectomy and 33.2% total gastrectomy. Approaches were 61.2% open, 19.5% laparoscopic, and 19.3% robotic. Thirty‐day mortality (1.8%), major complications (18.2%), and readmissions (10.3%) did not differ by approach. Unplanned conversion‐to‐open occurred in 14.0% of MIS. Robotic had longer median operative time of +1.2 and +1.7 h than laparoscopic and open and median −1 and −2 days shorter LOS respectively ( p < 0.001). Hypoalbuminemia (OR 3.10), CKD ≥ 3 (OR 1.75), and anemia (OR 1.48) were independently associated with major complications ( p < 0.05). Conclusion Operative approach influences operative time and LOS but not short‐term morbidity and mortality. The newly available ACS‐NSQIP operative approach variable enables approach‐specific benchmarks for cancer‐related gastrectomy.

Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of a standardized hazardous medication surveillance program and identify occupational factors associated with adverse health outcomes among healthcare workers (HCWs). Methods: We analyzed data from 2,625 HCWs enrolled in a multi-site surveillance program (2020–2022). Participants completed a standardized questionnaire and underwent complete blood count testing. Exposure was categorized by weekly time handling hazardous medications. Associations were evaluated using univariate and multivariable analyses. Results: Higher exposure (>8 hours/week) was associated with increased symptom reporting, hazardous medication spills, and adverse reproductive outcomes. Female sex, older age, and spill exposure independently predicted symptom reporting and reproductive outcomes. No significant association was observed between exposure intensity and abnormal blood counts. Conclusion: Questionnaire-based surveillance effectively identified exposure-related health risks, whereas routine complete blood count testing showed limited utility.

Importance As gender-affirming care expands, hysterectomies for gender dysphoria are increasing, but data comparing outcomes to benign hysterectomies remain limited. Objectives The objectives of this study were to compare perioperative characteristics and 30-day outcomes between transgender and gender diverse individuals (TGDI) undergoing gender-affirming hysterectomy (GAH) and patients undergoing hysterectomy for benign indications, by surgical approach. Study Design This was a retrospective cohort study using the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program data (October 2015–December 2022). TGDI undergoing GAH were identified by gender dysphoria diagnosis and hysterectomy Current Procedural Terminology codes. Approaches included abdominal hysterectomy (AH), laparoscopic/robotic hysterectomy (L/RH), laparoscopically assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH), and vaginal hysterectomy (VH). A matched cohort was created based on demographics and comorbidities. Primary outcomes were operative time, length of stay (LOS), and 30-day complications. Results A total of 975 TGDI undergoing GAH were included; 82% of GAHs were minimally invasive, mostly L/RH. GAH represented 0.7% of all benign hysterectomies, increasing over time ( P <0.001). TGDI (970) were matched to controls. In L/RH, TGDI had longer operative times (113 vs 97 min, P <0.001) but shorter LOS (0 vs 1 d, P <0.001). Similar patterns were seen in VH: longer operative times (103 vs 62 min, P <0.001) and shorter LOS (0 vs 1 d, P =0.018). In AH, TGDI had shorter LOS (1 vs 2 d, P =0.006) with similar operative times. No significant differences were found in LAVH or complications across groups. Conclusion GAH is safe with perioperative outcomes comparable to benign hysterectomy. TGDI experience shorter hospital stays and low complication rates. Promoting minimally invasive and vaginal approaches can enhance equitable, high-quality care for TGDI.

Background: Pediatric orthopaedic surgery encompasses many areas of subspecialization. To improve patient care, quality improvement efforts should focus on high-volume procedures with high complication rates. This study aims to identify these procedures to better target research and quality-improvement initiatives. Methods: Patients undergoing one of the 30 most common orthopaedic procedures in NSQIP pediatric data from 2012 to 2022 were analyzed for 30-day complications, infections, unplanned reoperations, and unplanned readmissions. Multivariable models assessed associations between procedure type and adverse events, adjusted for patient characteristics. Tibial osteotomy (TO) was defined as the reference category for procedure in each model as it is a common procedure with a moderate risk profile and a similar complication rate across the cohort. Results: 191,381 patients were included in the analysis (median: 10 y, IQR: 5 to 13; 48.7% male). The 30-day overall complication rate was 2.3% (n=4401), with infections occurring in 1.6% of cases (n=3005). Unplanned reoperations occurred in 1.7% (n=3207), and the unplanned readmission rate was 2.0% per 30 person-days. The most performed procedures were posterior spine fusion (PSF; n=45,542; 23.8%), supracondylar humeral fracture (SCHfx) repair (n=45,479; 23.8%). Complication rates were highest for PSF in non-idiopathic cases (10.3%), followed by pelvic and femoral osteotomy (4.9%). Infectious complications were most frequent in PSF for non-idiopathic cases (6.1%) and tibial osteotomy (3.1%). Unplanned reoperation rates were elevated for non-idiopathic PSF (5.6%) and pelvic/femoral osteotomy (4.9%). On multivariable analysis, PSF for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (OR=1.39; 95% CI: 1.05-1.86) and non-idiopathic causes (OR=2.16; 95% CI: 1.61-1.89) demonstrated increased odds of complications compared with TO. Factors associated with higher complication rates included BMI >95th percentile (OR=1.52; 95% CI: 1.40-1.65), developmental delay (OR=1.57; 95% CI: 1.43-1.73), seizure disorder (OR=1.41; 95% CI: 1.27-1.56), and ASA ≥2 (OR=2.14;95% CI: 1.90-2.41). Although PSF for non-idiopathic causes had the highest unplanned readmission rates (9.4% per 30 person-days), adjusted analysis showed a strong association with increased readmissions for pelvic/femoral osteotomy (HR=2.52; 95% CI: 1.58-4.03) compared with TO. SCHfx repair and calcaneal osteotomy consistently had lower rates of complications, infections, reoperations, and readmissions. Conclusions: After adjusting for covariates, PSF and tibial and femoral osteotomies, demonstrated significantly higher risks for adverse surgical outcomes compared with TO. Our findings identify SCHfx repair as a high-volume procedure with low complication, infection, reoperation, and readmission rates in contrast to PSF, one of the most common procedures with the highest complication rate.

ImportanceIdentification of factors associated with variation in outpatient surgery may further quality improvement efforts to safely reduce postoperative hospital length of stay nationally.ObjectivesTo explore variation in the use of outpatient surgery, incorporating patient, geographic, and hospital factors.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective cross-sectional study used deidentified administrative claims data from OptumLabs Data Warehouse. Participants included adults who underwent 1 of 10 general, urological, or gynecological operations between January 1, 2015, and June 30, 2021, in the US. Patients who underwent combined procedures or reoperations or had at least 15 Elixhauser comorbidities were excluded. Data were analyzed from July 26 to December 16, 2023.ExposureInpatient or outpatient surgical procedures.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMultilevel logistic regression assessed variation in the use of outpatient surgery rates by hospital characteristics (bed size, presence of trainees, and rural referral center status) and hospital census division, adjusting for patient factors (age, sex, number of Elixhauser comorbidities, year, and rural-urban commuting area). This multilevel model allowed for the sources of variability to be quantitatively attributed to patient characteristics, geography, and hospital characteristics.ResultsA total of 330 424 (72.3%) of 456 954 included patients underwent outpatient surgery. The median age was 54 (IQR, 41-67) years, and of those with data available, most patients were female (268 692 of 414 193 [64.9%]). The likelihood of outpatient surgery varied significantly by hospital census division for all 10 operations (eg, MIS salpingo-oophorectomy range, 29.6%-58.8%; P &amp;lt; .001). Variation in hospital census division contributed most to outpatient surgery for 8 of 10 operations compared with other patient and hospital characteristics. Hospital census division contributed the greatest degree to the variation in outpatient simple mastectomy (20.6%) and the least to outpatient open ventral hernia repair (0.7%). Multivariable analysis showed that the odds of outpatient surgery for patients from metropolitan areas were higher for minimally invasive salpingo-oophorectomy (odds ratio [OR], 1.62; 95% CI, 1.34-1.95) and open ventral hernia repair (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.09-1.24). Hospitals with 400 or more beds were independently associated with decreased odds of outpatient surgery compared with hospitals with 50 to 199 beds for 4 of 7 operations (MIS paraesophageal hernia repair [OR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.47-0.71; P &amp;lt; .001]; MIS cholecystectomy [OR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.68-0.78; P &amp;lt; .001]; open ventral hernia [OR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.46-0.57; P &amp;lt; .001]; MIS ventral hernia repair [OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.56-0.77; P &amp;lt; .001]). The presence of a residency training program was independently associated with increased odds of outpatient surgery for simple mastectomy (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.16-1.58; P &amp;lt; .001) and mastectomy with reconstruction (OR, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.27-1.77; P &amp;lt; .001) and decreased odds of outpatient surgery for minimally invasive cholecystectomy (OR, 0.96; 95% CI, 0.92-1.00; P = .04), open ventral hernia repair (OR, 0.93; 95% CI, 0.86-1.00; P = .04), and total thyroidectomy (OR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.71-1.00; P = .04).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study, significant variation existed in the use of outpatient surgery in the US and appeared to be driven primarily by hospital geography. Addressing these variations may improve the use of resources.

We assessed associations of pediatrician demographic characteristics with patient satisfaction (PS) scores. We performed a retrospective analysis of PS scores among pediatricians at a single academic institution and their associations with individual demographic features including gender, race, and geographic location of medical school education. We analyzed PS survey results for 153 pediatricians, 48.4% of whom were female. Males received higher scores in 4 out of 10 questions including “Likelihood of your recommending this care provider to others” ( P = .007). We observed similar findings for white pediatricians compared to Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC) ( P = .033) and US medical school graduates compared to international school graduates ( P = .044). Overall, we observed that pediatricians who are female, BIPOC, or international medical school graduates receive lower PS scores than their counterparts. The impact of potential survey responder bias should be acknowledged when interpreting PS scores for pediatricians.

ABSTRACTIntroduction and ObjectiveProcedural therapies for overactive bladder (OAB) most often include intradetrusor onabotulinumtoxinA (BTX) injections, sacral neuromodulation (SNM), and percutaneous tibial nerve stimulation (PTNS). Despite their proven efficacy, real‐world data on therapy continuation and crossover rates between these modalities remain limited. This study aimed to evaluate longitudinal patterns of treatment continuation and therapy crossover among women receiving procedural OAB treatments.MethodsWe conducted a multi‐institutional retrospective cohort study of women with idiopathic OAB who underwent index BTX, SNM, or PTNS between 2014 and 2022. Patients were identified using electronic medical records, and follow‐up data were collected through December 31, 2023. The primary outcomes included duration of maintenance treatments and crossover to another procedural therapy for OAB. Kaplan–Meier survival analysis estimated rates of continued treatment, and a log‐rank test assessed differences in crossover rates among treatment groups.ResultsA total of 506 women met inclusion criteria: 266 (52.6%) received BTX, 114 (22.5%) underwent SNM, and 126 (24.9%) received PTNS. Ongoing treatment rates were lowest for PTNS, with only 17.1% maintaining therapy between 3 and 5 years and 26.1% crossing over to another procedure within 3 years. Among BTX patients, 65.2% underwent repeat treatment within 3 years, and 9.5% of patients crossed over to another procedure within 3 years. Of those with 5 or more years of follow‐up, 39.1% of patients continued with BTX procedures in the 3–5‐year follow‐up timeframe. Among SNM patients, the cumulative revision rates were 7.6% at 1 year and 10.9% at 2 years. 13.1% of patients crossed over from SNM to another procedure within 3 years (the vast majority to BTX).ConclusionsPTNS had the lowest ongoing therapy rates and the highest crossover rates. BTX and SNM demonstrated similar crossover rates. These findings underscore the importance of individualized patient counseling and treatment selection based on expectations of therapy persistence. Future research should focus on optimizing patient selection, improving long‐term adherence strategies, and evaluating novel or combined therapeutic approaches for OAB management.

Abstract Background Hospital‐at‐home programs (HaH) in the United States have evolved to include a virtual‐hybrid delivery model, where all physician encounters are virtual and partnered with a home care team. Objective To examine whether a virtual hybrid HaH program enabled by technology has similar clinical outcomes to traditional brick‐and‐mortar (B&M) hospital care. Methods We conducted a pragmatic trial at three hospitals, randomizing 1150 acutely ill patients requiring hospital care between July 10, 2023, and October 31, 2023 one‐to‐one into two groups: intervention (HaH) and control (B&M). The primary analysis was an intention‐to‐treat non‐inferiority analysis of the primary outcome, which was a composite of 30‐day all‐cause mortality and unplanned readmissions. Secondary outcomes included 30‐day readmission, all‐cause mortality, and patient experience. Results The mean age was 67.8 (standard deviation [SD] 16.3) years, and 52.2% were female. The primary outcome occurred in 99 (17.3%) HaH patients and 114 (19.8%) B&M patients (odds ratio [OR] 0.85, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.63–1.14, p = .28), meeting the non‐inferiority criterion. Thirty‐day unplanned readmission occurred in 84 (14.7%) HaH patients and 101 (17.5%) B&M patients (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.59–1.11, p = .19). Thirty‐day all‐cause mortality occurred in 25 (4.4%) HaH patients and 19 (3.3%) B&M patients (OR 1.34, 95% CI 0.73–2.46, p = .35). No HaH patients died while receiving their hospital care at home. HaH program was associated with a higher likelihood of patients reporting feeling extremely comfortable or very comfortable (84.4% HaH; 60.9% B&M, p = .001). Conclusion A hybrid HaH model is a safe and comfortable alternative to traditional B&M hospital care.

Background: Disparities in postoperative nausea and vomiting and its prophylaxis may exist based on race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. The objective was to evaluate whether patients from racial and ethnic minority groups and patients from lower socioeconomic status backgrounds received less appropriate postoperative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis and experienced higher rates of postoperative and postdischarge nausea and vomiting. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 23,333 adults who underwent major surgeries (total knee arthroplasty, cholecystectomy, hysterectomy, and prostatectomy) from 2017 to 2022 in a single, multistate hospital system. Outcomes included prophylactic antiemetic administration according to consensus guidelines, as well as the occurrence of postoperative and postdischarge nausea and vomiting, with predictors being patient race and ethnicity, payor type, and community-level socioeconomic status. Results: About 45% (n = 10,407) of patients received guideline-recommended postoperative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis. Regression models showed statistically significant differences in appropriate postoperative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis by race and ethnicity, as well as community-level socioeconomic status, with Black (odds ratio, 0.76; 95% CI, 0.63 to 0.92) and Hispanic (odds ratio, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.70 to 0.96) patients having lower odds of receiving appropriate antiemetic prophylaxis compared to non-Hispanic White patients. Approximately 11% of patients (n = 2,522) experienced postoperative nausea and vomiting in the postanesthesia care unit, and about 19.5% of patients (n = 4,540) experienced postdischarge nausea and vomiting. No significant differences in postoperative nausea and vomiting were observed in the postanesthesia care unit among different groups; however, Black, Hispanic, other races and ethnicities, and patients with Medicaid had higher odds of postdischarge nausea and vomiting. Conclusions: The study identified differences in appropriate postoperative nausea and vomiting prophylaxis by race and ethnicity, as well as community-level socioeconomic status. There were no differences in postoperative nausea and vomiting by the predictors, but there were higher odds of postdischarge nausea and vomiting by race and ethnicity and payor. This study underscores the importance of data stratification in quality measures to identify disparities in perioperative care; it can lead to changes in perioperative anesthetic management. Further research should explore these associations in a broader cohort and address potential confounding sources.

Background Short-term outcomes after pancreatoduodenectomy (PD) are well-studied, but long-term reoperation rates and their indications remain poorly characterized. Methods A single-center retrospective chart review was performed on patients who underwent PD for pancreatic adenocarcinoma between 1/2011 and 12/2021. Reoperations occurring >90 days after PD were dichotomized to being related or unrelated to the index PD or pancreatic adenocarcinoma. The Kaplan-Meier analysis estimated the incidence of long-term reoperation at 1 and 5 years postoperatively. Results Six-hundred twenty-eight patients were included. The 5-year incidence of any additional operation >90 days after PD was 30.0% (95% CI 23.2-36.2%), and the 5-year incidence of any long-term related reoperation was 21.2% (95% CI 15.0-26.8%). The most common indications for reoperations by 5-year incidence were cancer recurrence (12.8%, 95% CI 7.6-17.7%), incisional hernia (6.2%, 95% CI 2.6-9.7%), small bowel obstruction (1.3%, 95% CI 0.2-2.4%), and leak, fistula, or infection (1.0%, 95% CI 0.1-2.0%). Of the examined risk factors, only 90-day reoperation was found to be predictive of long-term related reoperations ( P = 0.02). Additionally, the 5-year incidence of endoscopic or interventional radiology procedures was 20.2% (95% CI 14.5-25.4%). However, 40.9% (95% CI 33.6-47.3%) of patients required additional surgery or procedures of any kind between 90 days and 5 years after PD. Discussion Within 5 years of PD, one in three patients required additional surgery, and one in five had operations for related indications. Related reoperative indications included recurrence, hernia, PD-specific complications, and small bowel obstruction. However, the rates of each of these reoperations were relatively low.