Citations

Aggregated α-synuclein (α-SYN) proteins, encoded by the SNCA gene, are hallmarks of Lewy body disease (LBD), affecting multiple brain regions. However, the specific mechanisms underlying α-SYN pathology in cortical neurons, crucial for LBD-associated dementia, remain unclear. Here, we recapitulated α-SYN pathologies in human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)–derived cortical organoids generated from patients with LBD with SNCA gene triplication. Single-cell RNA sequencing, combined with functional and molecular validation, identified synaptic and mitochondrial dysfunction in excitatory neurons exhibiting high expression of the SNCA gene, aligning with observations in the cortex of autopsy-confirmed LBD human brains. Furthermore, we screened 1280 Food and Drug Administration–approved drugs and identified four candidates (entacapone, tolcapone, phenazopyridine hydrochloride, and zalcitabine) that inhibited α-SYN seeding activity in real-time quaking-induced conversion assays with human brains, reduced α-SYN aggregation, and alleviated mitochondrial dysfunction in SNCA triplication organoids and excitatory neurons. Our findings establish human cortical LBD models and suggest potential therapeutic drugs targeting α-SYN aggregation for LBD.

AbstractIntroductionCerebrovascular pathologies including cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and blood‐brain barrier (BBB) dysregulation are prominent features in the majority of Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases.MethodsWe performed neuropathologic and biochemical studies on a large, neuropathologically confirmed human AD cohort (N = 469). Amounts of endothelial tight junction proteins claudin‐5 (CLDN5) and occludin (OCLN), and major AD‐related molecules (amyloid beta [Aβ40], Aβ42, tau, p‐tau, and apolipoprotein E) in the temporal cortex were assessed by ELISA.ResultsHigher levels of soluble tau, insoluble p‐tau, and apolipoprotein E (apoE) were independently correlated with lower levels of endothelial tight junction proteins CLDN5 and OCLN in AD brains. Although high Aβ40 levels, APOE ε4, and male sex were predominantly associated with exacerbated CAA severity, those factors did not influence tight junction protein levels.DiscussionRefining the molecular mechanisms connecting tau, Aβ, and apoE with cerebrovascular pathologies is critical for greater understanding of AD pathogenesis and establishing effective therapeutic interventions for the disease.

APOE4 exacerbates α-synuclein pathology in a synucleinopathy mouse model, and APOE4 genotype associates with increased α-synuclein pathology in humans.