Citations

Collaborative learning is recognized for its positive impact on student performance. Influence of social networking on evolution of student learning is rooted in construct of collaborative learning theory. Studies have alluded to benefits of informal learning (outside class) with little information evidenced in academic performance. Gross anatomy course at Mayo Clinic uses team based learning approach over 7 weeks. Teams are diversified (eg. cultural background, college attended, gender) while normalized (similar total average pre‐admission scores) to give each team equal footing from which to work. Teams are assigned at start of histology block 8 weeks prior and maintained through anatomy block. Based on premise of collaborative learning, we predicted students who spent more time interacting with classmates outside class contributed to collective knowledge of team and positively influenced team performance. Study aimed to determine if interaction of team members with classmates outside of assigned team impacted academic performance. Students voluntarily completed weekly surveys identifying classmates they had studied with after hours. Group size and duration of academic interaction were analyzed. Data were compared with final team performance for practical and written exams. Data were statistically analyzed and measured in terms of where teams ranked in overall class performance. Preliminarily, teams with 2 or more members who studied with non‐team members outside class showed improvement, with more overall members outside the bottom tertile. Students in bottom tertile studying with students in top tertile in a small group (< 5) > 1 hour outside class showed 5% improvement. Students in the top tertile are more likely to study alone or with students in the same tertile. Students who study with those in lowest tertile tend to have a positive effect on their performance. When students are allowed to choose their own networks, they tend to form mixed networks, in addition to formal teams.

Background: The purpose of this study was to describe the natural history of Kienböck disease among patients who elected to proceed with nonoperative treatment. Methods: The authors performed a retrospective study of all patients treated nonoperatively for Kienböck disease within their institution from January 1, 1999, to December 31, 2014. Inclusion criteria included follow-up greater than 1 year, serial posteroanterior and lateral wrist radiographs, and clinical examination. Posteroanterior/lateral radiographs were independently reviewed at initial presentation and at final follow-up, including Lichtman stage, carpal index, Stahl index, ulnar variance, and intercarpal angles. Results: Twenty-five patients with 25 wrists were included (mean age, 50.2 years), with an average length of clinical follow-up of 3.9 years and a mean length of radiographic follow-up of 5.2 years. There was no significant difference in range of motion; however, patient-reported pain was significantly decreased, and modified Mayo wrist scores and grip strength were increased. Lichtman stage, scapholunate angle, and radioscaphoid angle were increased; and carpal index, posteroanterior lunate ratio, and Stahl index were decreased across the study period. The mean progression in Lichtman stage was 0.5 stage/year with a range of 0 to 1.6 stages/year throughout the study period. There was no significant difference in Lichtman stage progression based on stage at presentation. A history of smoking was associated with increased radiographic disease progression. Conclusion: The present study demonstrates that among patients with Kienböck disease managed nonoperatively, the majority of patients significantly improve over time with respect to pain, grip strength, and Mayo wrist score, despite radiographic progression of disease. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Risk, IV.

Objective To identify the relationships between county-level area deprivation and patterns of both opioid prescriptions and drug-poisoning mortality. Design, setting and participants For this retrospective cross-sectional study, we used the IQVIA Xponent data to capture opioid prescriptions and Centres for Disease Control and Prevention National Vital Statistics System to assess drug-poisoning mortality. The Area Deprivation Index (ADI) is a composite measure of social determinants of health comprised of 17 US census indicators, spanning four socioeconomic domains. For all US counties with available opioid prescription (2712 counties) and drug-poisoning mortality (3133 counties) data between 2012 and 2017, we used negative binomial regression to examine the association between quintiles of county-level ADI and the rates of opioid prescriptions and drug-poisoning mortality adjusted for year, age, race and sex. Primary outcome measures County-level opioid prescription fills and drug-poisoning mortality. Results Between 2012 and 2017, overall rates of opioid prescriptions decreased from 96.6 to 72.2 per 100 people, while the rates of drug-poisoning mortality increased from 14.3 to 22.8 per 100 000 people. Opioid prescription and drug-poisoning mortality rates were consistently higher with greater levels of deprivation. The risk of filling an opioid prescription was 72% higher, and the risk of drug-poisoning mortality was 36% higher, for most deprived compared with the least deprived counties (both p<0.001). Discussion Counties with greater area-level deprivation have higher rates of filled opioid prescriptions and drug-poisoning mortality. Although opioid prescription rates declined across all ADI quintiles, the rates of drug-poisoning mortality continued to rise proportionately in each ADI quintile. This underscores the need for individualised and targeted interventions that consider the deprivation of communities where people live.

Background: We sought to compare the functional outcomes, radiographic outcomes, and complications of trapeziectomy and flexor carpi radialis (FCR) to abductor pollicis longus (APL) side-to-side tendon transfer with or without suture-button suspensionplasty for thumb basilar joint arthritis. Methods: Patients treated with and without suture-button suspensionplasty were compared over a 6-year period. Data were reviewed for complications and functional outcomes, including grip and pinch strength, range of motion, and visual analog scale (VAS) pain scores. Plain radiographs were independently reviewed at initial presentation and at final follow-up, including proximal phalanx length, trapezial space height, and trapezial height ratio. Results: Seventy thumb arthroplasties were performed in 70 patients. Trapeziectomy with FCR-APL side-to-side tendon transfer was performed in 39 patients, and trapeziectomy with FCR-APL side-to-side tendon transfer with suture-button suspensionplasty was performed in 31 patients. Mean length of follow-up was 28.4 ± 3.9 and 23.8 ± 2.6 months, respectively. Postoperative grip, oppositional and appositional pinch strength, and VAS pain scores improved compared with preoperative values, but were not significantly different based on suture-button suspensionplasty. Percentage decline in trapezial space ratio was significantly different between groups at 36.7% and 20.4% for procedures with and without suture-button suspensionplasty, respectively indicating that the trapezial space was better maintained within the suture suspension cohort. The incidence of postoperative complications, including surgical site infection, paresthesias, reoperation, complex regional pain syndrome, and symptomatic subsidence, was not significantly different between groups. Conclusions: Trapeziectomy with FCR to APL side-to-side tendon transfer with and without suture-button suspensionplasty results in comparable improvement in pain, grip strength, and functional parameters. Suture-button suspensionplasty results in significantly greater preservation of trapezial space.

AbstractBackgroundGlobally, an estimated 2 billion people lack access to surgical and anesthesia care. We sought to pool results of anesthesia care capacity assessments in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) to identify patterns of deficits and provide useful targets for advocacy and intervention.MethodsA systematic review of PubMed, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Google Scholar identified reports that documented anesthesia care capacity from LMICs. When multiple assessments from one country were identified, only the study with the most facilities assessed was included. Patterns of availability or deficit were described.ResultsWe identified 22 LMICs (15 low‐ and 8 middle‐income countries) with anesthesia care capacity assessments (614 facilities assessed). Anesthesia care resources were often unavailable, including relatively low‐cost ones (e.g., oxygen and airway supplies). Capacity varied markedly between and within countries, regardless of the national income. The availability of fundamental resources for safe anesthesia, such as airway supplies and functional pulse oximeters, was often not reported (72 and 36 % of hospitals assessed, respectively). Anesthesia machines and the capability to perform general anesthesia were unavailable in 43 % (132/307 hospitals) and 56 % (202/361) of hospitals, respectively.ConclusionWe identified a pattern of critical deficiencies in anesthesia care capacity in LMICs, including some low‐cost, high‐value added resources. The global health community should advocate for improvements in anesthesia care capacity and the potential benefits of doing so to health system planners. In addition, better quality data on anesthesia care capacity can improve advocacy, as well as the monitoring and evaluation of changes over time and the impact of capacity improvement interventions.

Abstract Objective To determine the prognosis of patients with non‐secretory myeloma. Methods We studied 124 patients diagnosed with multiple myeloma who had no monoclonal protein detected on serum and urine immunofixation at diagnosis and on all subsequent follow‐up testing (non‐secretory myeloma). The overall survival ( OS ) of patients with non‐secretory myeloma was compared with 6953 patients with typical myeloma seen during the same time period in whom a monoclonal protein was detected at the time of diagnosis. Results One hundred and twenty‐four patients met criteria for non‐secretory multiple myeloma. The median follow‐up was 102 months (range, 1–204 months). The median progression‐free survival with initial therapy was 28.6 months, and the median OS was 49.3 months. There was a significant improvement in OS since 2001; median survival 43.8 months (prior to 2001) vs. 99.2 months (2001–2012), P < 0.001. OS was superior in patients with a normal baseline FLC ratio ( n = 10) compared to patients with an abnormal ratio ( n = 19), medians not reached in both groups. Prior to 2001, OS was similar in non‐secretory myeloma ( n = 86) and secretory myeloma ( n = 4011), median 3.6 vs. 3.5 yr, respectively, P = 0.63. However, among patients diagnosed between 2001 and 2012, OS was superior in non‐secretory myeloma ( n = 36) compared to secretory myeloma ( n = 2942), median 8.3 vs. 5.4 yr, respectively, P = 0.03. Conclusions Non‐secretory myeloma is an uncommon subtype of multiple myeloma. In the last decade, there has been an improvement in the survival of non‐secretory myeloma and appears superior to secretory myeloma.