Citations

Abstract In recent years, various tracking technologies that work independently of imaging systems have been proposed to automate, simplify, and enhance various tasks in the brachytherapy treatment workflow. These tasks, critical to the overall accuracy of the therapeutic dose delivery, include applicator, catheter and needle insertion guidance, and reconstruction as well as transfer tube connection in afterloading technique. Task Group 317 was established as a joint American Association of Physicists in Medicine (AAPM) and European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology (ESTRO) committee to review: the current state‐of‐the‐art scientific literature as it pertains to tracking technology in the field of brachytherapy; the benefits and issues related to the use of the technology for automated reconstruction of brachytherapy implants, quality control (QC) tasks such as channel path and tip reconstruction, and real‐time guidance tasks; their limitations, in particular in the clinical environment and, finally, to develop recommendations related to commissioning, quality assurance (QA) and clinical use. The Task Group has looked in detail at key tracking technologies in advanced brachytherapy applications: infrared, electromagnetic, fiber optic shape sensing (fiber Bragg grating), and active radiofrequency coil tracking. For each, the performance and accuracy in well‐controlled conditions as well as in clinically relevant environments are provided. Guidelines for clinical implementations, including target accuracy and performance needed for critical tasks, are summarized. Risk‐based analysis is discussed in the context of an electromagnetic‐based tracking system used as part of a clinical trial. The report concludes with the essential elements of an effective quality management program dedicated to the advanced features enabled by the above‐described technology.

Abstract Dose uncertainty induced by respiratory motion remains a major concern for treating thoracic and abdominal lesions using particle beams. This Task Group report reviews the impact of tumor motion and dosimetric considerations in particle radiotherapy, current motion‐management techniques, and limitations for different particle‐beam delivery modes (i.e., passive scattering, uniform scanning, and pencil‐beam scanning). Furthermore, the report provides guidance and risk analysis for quality assurance of the motion‐management procedures to ensure consistency and accuracy, and discusses future development and emerging motion‐management strategies. This report supplements previously published AAPM report TG76, and considers aspects of motion management that are crucial to the accurate and safe delivery of particle‐beam therapy. To that end, this report produces general recommendations for commissioning and facility‐specific dosimetric characterization, motion assessment, treatment planning, active and passive motion‐management techniques, image guidance and related decision‐making, monitoring throughout therapy, and recommendations for vendors. Key among these recommendations are that: (1) facilities should perform thorough planning studies (using retrospective data) and develop standard operating procedures that address all aspects of therapy for any treatment site involving respiratory motion; (2) a risk‐based methodology should be adopted for quality management and ongoing process improvement.

Introduction: Highly precise irradiation using carbon-12 (12C) ions is a new means for catheter-free ablation. Besides energy deposition leading to the dose distribution, nuclear interactions lead to by-product β+-activity that can be measured using positron-emission-tomography (PET). Hypothesis: In-beam PET scanning during focused myocardial irradiation using 12C can adequately depict 12C dose deposition. Methods: Pigs were irradiated with 25, 40, and 55 Gy for AV node (AVN), LA-PV junction, and local LV freewall ablations. PET measurement was performed by means of a double head camera system installed at irradiation site. Coincidences were captured in end-expiration during beam extraction pauses of the accelerator. Results: Evaluation of PET images was qualitatively performed using the coronal plane of the activity distribution superimposed on the contrast-CT in the center of the target contour. Strong β+-activities were measured in AVN and LV ablations. In AVN ablations, activity was localized to the target location, without target activity spreading to the level of the aortic root or coronary sinus (Figure A). Local LV irradiations revealed strong activity in the target location, slightly extending into left lung and chest wall (Figure B). In 55 Gy animals, the cardiac entry channel showed increased activity, decreasing in 40 Gy and more so in 25 Gy animals. Conclusion: This is the first study applying in-beam PET to track 12C dose-deposition into the target location for catheter-free ablation in intact animals. Correlation of β+-activity to electrophysiological outcome, lesion induction, and potential side-effects may be critically important in dosing therapy and predicting outcomes.

Abstract Noninvasive ablation of cardiac arrhythmia by scanned particle radiotherapy is highly promising, but especially challenging due to cardiac and respiratory motion. Irradiations for catheter-free ablation in intact pigs were carried out at the GSI Helmholtz Center in Darmstadt using scanned carbon ions. Here, we present real-time electrocardiogram (ECG) data to estimate time-resolved (4D) delivered dose. For 11 animals, surface ECGs and temporal structure of beam delivery were acquired during irradiation. R waves were automatically detected from surface ECGs. Pre-treatment ECG-triggered 4D-CT phases were synchronized to the R – R interval. 4D-dose calculation was performed using GSI’s in-house 4D treatment planning system. Resulting dose distributions were assessed with respect to coverage ( D 95 and V 95), heterogeneity (HI = D 5– D 95) and normal tissue exposure. Final results shown here were performed offline, but first calculations were started shortly after irradiation The D 95 for TV and PTV was above 95% for 10 and 8 out of 11 animals, respectively. HI was reduced for PTV versus TV volumes, especially for some of the animals targeted at the atrioventricular junction, indicating residual interplay effects due to cardiac motion. Risk structure exposure was comparable to static and 4D treatment planning simulations. ECG-based 4D-dose reconstruction is technically feasible in a patient treatment-like setting. Further development of the presented approach, such as real-time dose calculation, may contribute to safe, successful treatments using scanned ion beams for cardiac arrhythmia ablation.

Noninvasive AF Ablation With Carbon IonsIntroductionCatheter ablation with isolation of the pulmonary veins is a common treatment option for atrial fibrillation but still has insufficient success rates and carries several interventional risks. These treatment planning studies assessed if high‐dose single fraction treatment with scanned carbon ions (12C) can be reliably delivered for AF ablation, while sparing risk structures and considering respiratory and contractile target motion.Methods and ResultsTime resolved CT scans of complete respiratory and cardiac cycles of 9 and 5 patients, respectively, were obtained. Ablation lesions and organs at risk for beam delivery were contoured. Single fraction intensity‐modulated particle therapy with target doses of 25 and 40 Gy were studied and motion influences on these deliveries mitigated. Respiration had a large influence on lesion displacement (≤ 2 cm). End expiration could be exploited as a stable gating window. Smaller, but less predictable, heartbeat displacements (< 6 mm) remained to be mitigated because cardiac contraction resulted in insufficient dose coverage (V95 < 90 %) if uncompensated. Repeated irradiation (12C beam rescanning) during breath hold was used to accommodate contractile motion, resulting in good dose coverage. Dose depositions to all organs at risk were carefully examined and did not exceed values for X‐ray cancer treatment.ConclusionTreatment planning of 12C with delivery of physical ionizing radiation doses that have been described to induce complete block is feasible for AF ablation, considering human anatomy, dose constraints, and encasing underlying motion patterns from respiration and cardiac contraction at the LA–PV junction into treatment planning.

Background— Particle therapy, with heavy ions such as carbon-12 ( 12 C), delivered to arrhythmogenic locations of the heart could be a promising new means for catheter-free ablation. As a first investigation, we tested the feasibility of in vivo atrioventricular node ablation, in Langendorff-perfused porcine hearts, using a scanned 12C beam. Methods and Results— Intact hearts were explanted from 4 (30–40 kg) pigs and were perfused in a Langendorff organ bath. Computed tomgraphic scans (1 mm voxel and slice spacing) were acquired and 12 C ion beam treatment planning (optimal accelerator energies, beam positions, and particle numbers) for atrioventricular node ablation was conducted. Orthogonal x-rays with matching of 4 implanted clips were used for positioning. Ten Gray treatment plans were repeatedly administered, using pencil beam scanning. After delivery, positron emission tomography-computed tomgraphic scans for detection of β + ( 11 C) activity were obtained. A 12 C beam with a full width at half maximum of 10 mm was delivered to the atrioventricular node. Delivery of 130 Gy caused disturbance of atrioventricular conduction with transition into complete heart block after 160 Gy. Positron emission computed tomgraphy demonstrated dose delivery into the intended area. Application did not induce arrhythmias. Macroscopic inspection did not reveal damage to myocardium. Immunostaining revealed strong γH2AX signals in the target region, whereas no γH2AX signals were detected in the unirradiated control heart. Conclusions— This is the first report of the application of a 12 C beam for ablation of cardiac tissue to treat arrhythmias. Catheter-free ablation using 12C beams is feasible and merits exploration in intact animal studies as an energy source for arrhythmia elimination.