Citations

Abstract Background Wide-spread mast cell (MC)-associated symptoms and MC activation syndrome (MCAS) are often reported in patients with hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (hEDS) and hypermobility spectrum disorders (HSD). The goal of this study was to develop a novel MC score based on 11 self-reported MC-related conditions with clinical and research utility to better understand MC symptoms in hEDS and HSD patients. Methods From November 1, 2019, to June 13, 2025, patients ( n =2,141) filled out an Intake Questionnaire at the Mayo Clinic Florida EDS Clinic that included 11 self-reported questions related to categories of MC-related conditions for a MC score ranging from 0/11 to 11/11. Based on the MC score distribution in hEDS and HSD patients, a MC score of 0-1 was considered a low MC score and ≥5 was considered a high MC score. Symptoms/comorbidities were compared between patients with high vs. low MC scores. Results From the 2,141 hEDS/HSD patients, 535 (25.0%) had a MC score ≥5 (Hi MC). MCAS-specific symptoms such as nausea and vomiting were reported more often in hEDS/HSD patients with a high vs. low MC score ( p <0.0001). Random clinical blood tryptase and urinary MC markers were not elevated in patients with high MC scores ( n =50/group), although high MC scores were found to significantly reduce urinary creatinine levels indicating that the protein used to normalize data was affected by MC activity. In contrast, random blood IgE, tryptase and major basic protein (MBP) by ELISA were increased in patients with high MC scores (e.g., IgE hEDS p =0.0004, HSD p =0.003). Of note, the percentage of patients reporting abuse or post-traumatic stress disorder was nearly doubled in patients with high vs. low MC scores (Abuse and PTSD: hEDS p < 0.0001; HSD p < 0.0001). Overall, 109/135 (80.7%) in hEDS and 129/135 (95.6%) in HSD reported more symptoms/comorbidities if they had a high MC score. Conclusions We found that hEDS/HSD patients with high MC scores self-reported more widespread symptoms/comorbidities and higher MC-related blood markers than patients with low MC scores indicating the utility of this tool to evaluate the level of widespread MC activity in hEDS, HSD and other patients.

Abstract Background: Although hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (hEDS) and hypermobility spectrum disorders (HSD) are inherited disorders expected to display a 1:1 sex ratio, most studies report a strong female dominance. This study analyzed sex differences in 122 self-reported symptoms and comorbidities in patients diagnosed with hEDS or HSD using the 2017 criteria. Methods: Self-reported data was obtained from November 1, 2019, to April 25, 2025, ( n =2,451) from an Intake Questionnaire of adult (≤18 years old) patients diagnosed with hEDS or HSD at the EDS Clinic at Mayo Clinic Florida and analyzed by sex. Results: We found that 90.6% ( n =575) of hEDS patients were female and 9.4% ( n =60) were male, with a sex ratio of 9.6:1 female-to-male, while 95.2% ( n =1,728) of HSD patients were female and 4.8% ( n =88) were male, with a sex ratio of 19.6:1 female-to-male. Females were older than males: hEDS 35 vs. 28 years of age ( p <0.001), HSD 34 vs. 31 years of age ( p =0.004). Overall, females self-reported more symptoms/comorbidities than males: hEDS 31/122 (25.4%), HSD 59/122 (48.4%). In contrast, only 5/122 (4.1%) symptoms/comorbidities were self-reported more often in males including attention deficit disorder/attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, delay in developmental milestones, snoring, autism spectrum disorder, and obstructive sleep apnea. Females with HSD had more mast cell-related symptoms (i.e., hives p <0.001) which were reflected in higher mast cell scores than males ( p <0.001). Patients with higher mast cell scores also had higher serum levels of total IgE ( p =0.029). More females with HSD were diagnosed with fibromyalgia ( p <0.001) and reported symptoms associated with autonomic dysfunction than males. Aside from abuse, which was higher in females (hEDS p =0.039, HSD p <0.001), few sex differences were reported for psychological symptoms/comorbidities. In support for the idea that elevated mast cell activity in females may lead to extracellular matrix remodeling that promotes hypermobility, females with hEDS/HSD had greater serum collagen-4α1 ( p <0.0001) and fibronectin ( p =0.015) than males by ELISA. Conclusions: Females with hEDS and HSD report a higher burden of symptoms/comorbidities than males, providing a possible explanation for fewer males being reported in demographic data. Sex differences in symptoms/comorbidities may reflect sex differences in pathogenic drivers of disease.

Background and Aims: Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease affects about a third of adults worldwide and is projected soon to be the leading cause of liver cirrhosis. It occurs when fat accumulates in hepatocytes and can progress to metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and HCC. Metabolic dysfunction–associated steatotic liver disease pathogenesis is believed to involve a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors. Single nucleotide polymorphisms have been implicated, but non-syndromic monogenic causes are lacking. Approach and Results: We identified a novel genetic variant in a familial case of metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis and performed deep variant functional analysis, including protein modeling, dynamics, and cell-based assays to assess molecular mechanisms of dysfunction and altered cellular signaling. We analyzed exome sequencing data of 3904 individuals with steatotic liver disease (SLD) to identify additional cases and establish the link between specific gene variants and SLD diagnosis. We discovered and functionally validated the NM_000245.4:c.3505A>T; p.(Ile1169Phe) variant in the MET (mesenchymal-epithelial transition) kinase domain as a monogenic cause of SLD. Subsequently, we detected additional ultra-rare, previously uninterpreted, and likely deleterious variants in MET from screening sequencing data. Among individuals with confirmed SLD based on electronic record review, 1.1% (45/3904) had rare predicted deleterious MET variants. Eight of 45 (17.7%) individuals had predicted deleterious variants in the MET kinase domain confirmed to be functionally like the familial case variant. Conclusions: We report the first germline nonmalignant rare MET -driven disease, a monogenic form of SLD.

AbstractThe Ehlers–Danlos Syndromes (EDS) are a group of inherited connective tissue disorders with a worldwide prevalence of 1 in 2500 to 1 in 5000 births irrespective of sex or ethnicity. Fourteen subtypes of Ehlers–Danlos Syndrome (EDS) have been described, each with characteristic phenotypes and associated genes. Pathogenic variants in COL5A1 and COL5A2 cause the classical EDS subtypes. Pathogenic variants in COL3A1 cause vascular EDS. In this case report, we describe a patient with a phenotype resembling that of vascular EDS, caused by a novel pathogenic variant in COL5A1.

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by dilatation of the left ventricle and impaired systolic function and is the second most common cause of heart failure after coronary heart disease. The etiology of DCM is diverse including genetic pathogenic variants, infection, inflammation, autoimmune diseases, exposure to chemicals/toxins as well as endocrine and neuromuscular causes. DCM is inherited in 20–50% of cases where more than 30 genes have been implicated in the development of DCM with pathogenic variants in TTN (Titin) most frequently associated with disease. Even though male sex is a risk factor for heart failure, few studies have examined sex differences in the pathogenesis of DCM. We searched the literature for studies examining idiopathic or familial/genetic DCM that reported data by sex in order to determine the sex ratio of disease. We found 31 studies that reported data by sex for non-genetic DCM with an average overall sex ratio of 2.5:1 male to female and 7 studies for familial/genetic DCM with an overall average sex ratio of 1.7:1 male to female. No manuscripts that we found had more females than males in their studies. We describe basic and clinical research findings that may explain the increase in DCM in males over females based on sex differences in basic physiology and the immune and fibrotic response to damage caused by mutations, infections, chemotherapy agents and autoimmune responses.

Single-minded homologue 1 (SIM1) is a transcription factor with numerous different physiological and developmental functions. SIM1 is a member of the class I basic helix-loop-helix-PER-ARNT-SIM (bHLH–PAS) transcription factor family, that includes several other conserved proteins, including the hypoxia-inducible factors, aryl hydrocarbon receptor, neuronal PAS proteins, and the CLOCK circadian regulator. Recent studies of HIF-a-ARNT and CLOCK-BMAL1 protein complexes have revealed the organization of their bHLH, PASA, and PASB domains and provided insight into how these heterodimeric protein complexes form; however, experimental structures for SIM1 have been lacking. Here, we describe the first full-length atomic structural model for human SIM1 with its binding partner ARNT in a heterodimeric complex and analyze several pathogenic variants utilizing state-of-the-art simulations and algorithms. Using local and global positional deviation metrics, deductions to the structural basis for the individual mutants are addressed in terms of the deleterious structural reorganizations that could alter protein function. We propose new experiments to probe these hypotheses and examine an interesting SIM1 dynamic behavior. The conformational dynamics demonstrates conformational changes on local and global regions that represent a mechanism for dysfunction in variants presented. In addition, we used our ab initio hybrid model for further prediction of variant hotspots that can be engineered to test for counter variant (restoration of wild-type function) or basic research probe.

We describe the phenotype of a patient with extensive aortic, carotid, and abdominal dissections. The proband was found to have a heterozygous deletion of exons 21–34 inMYLK, which is a rare finding, as deletions in this gene have been infrequently reported. We describe this finding following detection in a proband with an extensive history of aortic, carotid, and abdominal dissections. Neoteric molecular modeling techniques to help determine the impact of this deletion on protein function indicated loss of function due to lack of any kinase domain. We also provide the electrostatics calculations from the wild type and mutant variant. Through a combined multiomic approach of clinical, functional, and protein informatics, we arrive at a data fusion for determination of pathogenicity embedded within the genetic code for this particular genetic variant, which, as a platform, continues to broaden its scope across the field of variants of uncertain significance classification.