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Tissue harmonic and spatial compound imaging, widely used US techniques, improve image quality by reducing noise and artifacts through complementary mechanisms.

Pancreas transplant is the standard treatment for restoring endocrine function and limiting complications from diabetes, and radiologists should understand the surgical techniques, normal imaging spectrum, and various complications associated with this surgical procedure.

History A 65-year-old male patient with a history of sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma and prior right nephrectomy developed recurrent disease adjacent to the inferior vena cava. The patient underwent surveillance imaging 7 months after initiation of treatment with maximum-dose pazopanib and less than 1 month after completing a 2-month regimen of palliative stereotactic body radiation therapy to the right nephrectomy bed and site of recurrence. (Stereotactic body radiation therapy was initiated 5 months after pazopanib treatment was initiated.) One month after initiating treatment with pazopanib and 6 months before the surveillance imaging, the patient developed diarrhea and required ongoing treatment with loperamide to control symptoms. He denied any fatigue, mouth sores, or extremity pain, but described some abdominal pain and discomfort associated with the diarrhea. He was not experiencing any fevers, and vital signs were normal. White blood cell count was normal at 5100/μL (5.1 ×109/L) (reference range, 4200–10 200/μL [4.2–10.2 ×109/L]), with all components of the differential count also being normal. A normal serum albumin level of 3.9 g/dL (39 g/L) (reference range, 3.5–5.0 g/dL [35–50 g/L]) and low serum total protein level of 6.1 g/dL (61 g/L) (reference range, 6.3–7.9 g/dL [63–79 g/L]) were noted. A comprehensive metabolic panel was performed, indicating a serum chloride level of 98 mmol/L (reference range, 100–108 mmol/L) and an alkaline phosphatase level of 121 U/L (2.02 μkat/L) (reference range, 45–115 U/L [0.75–1.92 μkat/L]). The patient underwent surveillance imaging with contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen and pelvis in the venous phase.

History A 65-year-old male patient with a history of sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma and prior right nephrectomy developed recurrent disease adjacent to the inferior vena cava. The patient underwent surveillance imaging 7 months after initiation of treatment with maximum-dose pazopanib and less than 1 month after completing a 2-month regimen of palliative stereotactic body radiation therapy to the right nephrectomy bed and site of recurrence. (Stereotactic body radiation therapy was initiated 5 months after pazopanib treatment was initiated.) One month after initiating treatment with pazopanib and 6 months before the surveillance imaging, the patient developed diarrhea and required ongoing treatment with loperamide to control symptoms. He denied any fatigue, mouth sores, or extremity pain, but described some abdominal pain and discomfort associated with the diarrhea. He was not experiencing any fevers, and vital signs were normal. White blood cell count was normal at 5100/μL (5.1 ×109/L) (normal range, 4200–10 200/μL [4.2–10.2 ×109/L]), with all components of the differential count also being normal. A normal serum albumin level of 3.9 g/dL (39 g/L) (normal range, 3.5–5.0 g/dL [35–50 g/L]) and low serum total protein level of 6.1 g/dL (61 g/L) (normal range, 6.3–7.9 g/dL [63–79 g/L]) were noted. A comprehensive metabolic panel was performed, indicating a serum chloride level of 98 mmol/L (normal, 100–108 mmol/L) and alkaline phosphatase level of 121 U/L (2.02 μkat/L) (normal, 45–115 U/L [0.75–1.92 μkat/L]). The patient underwent surveillance imaging with contrast-enhanced CT of the abdomen and pelvis in the venous phase ( Figure ).

Cross-sectional imaging has become a critical aspect in the evaluation of arterial injuries. In particular, angiography using computed tomography (CT) is the imaging of choice. A variety of techniques and options are available when evaluating for arterial injuries. Techniques involve contrast bolus, various phases of contrast enhancement, multiplanar reconstruction, volume rendering, and maximum intensity projection. After the images are rendered, a variety of features may be seen that diagnose the injury. This article provides a general overview of the techniques, important findings, and pitfalls in cross sectional imaging of arterial imaging, particularly in relation to computed tomography. In addition, the future directions of computed tomography, including a few techniques in the process of development, is also discussed.