Citations

Context: The signs and symptoms of Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) result from inflammation and increased volume of the orbital adipose tissues and extraocular muscles. Objective: Our objective was to identify differentially regulated genes that may be involved in stimulating the orbital adipose tissue expansion seen in GO. Design: Gene expression profiling was used to compare genes expressed in orbital adipose tissues from GO patients and normal individuals. Setting: The study took place at a private practice tertiary referral center. Patients: Orbital adipose tissues were collected at transantral orbital decompression surgery from 20 euthyroid patients undergoing this procedure for severe GO and at early autopsy from eight normal individuals having no evidence of thyroid or ocular disease. Results: Of the 12,686 genes analyzed, 25 known genes were increased in expression (>4-fold) in GO orbital tissues, whereas 11 genes were decreased (>4-fold). Up-regulated genes, confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR, included secreted frizzled-related protein-1 (sFRP-1; 18.5-fold) and several adipocyte-related genes, including peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (44.1-fold) and adiponectin (25-fold). Treatment in vitro of GO orbital preadipocytes with recombinant sFRP-1 (100 nm) significantly increased adiponectin (2.0-fold; P < 0.05), leptin (7-fold; P < 0.002), and TSH receptor mRNA (13-fold; P < 0.003) levels and enhanced Oil red-O staining in the cultures. Conclusions: These results support the concept that orbital adipogenesis is enhanced in GO and suggest that elevated levels of sFRP-1 in the GO orbit may be involved in stimulating this pathogenic process.

Background. Intra-articular and intradermal steroids are often used for their antiinflammatory effect. There is limited experience with intra-articular and intralesional administration of corticosteroids in the pediatric age group. Design/Methods. We performed a retrospective chart review of 3 pediatric patients who developed Cushing’s syndrome after local administration of triamcinolone acetonide (TCA). Results. Two females 9 and 17 years old, received intra-articular injections of TCA. One patient received multiple injections of TCA into the interphalangeal joints (cumulative dose: 120 mg), whereas the other received a single injection of 40 mg, a dose that is considered to be in the therapeutic range, into the hip joint. The third patient, a 7-year-old female, received multiple intralesional injections of TCA. These patients developed signs and symptoms of hypercortisolism that appeared 4 to 6 weeks after local administration of TCA and lasted for 4 to 6 months after the last dose of TCA. TCA was detectable in the plasma and urine by the liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method 4 to 5 months after the last dose of the steroid. Conclusions. We noted evidence for Cushing’s syndrome in 3 pediatric patients after intra-articular or intradermal administration of TCA. One of them had received a therapeutic dose of TCA. The possibility of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis suppression should be considered in patients who have received intra-articular or intradermal steroid injections, particularly in those who have had multiple or relatively high doses.

Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) is an autoimmune disorder involving the adipose and connective tissues of the orbit. The study of cytokines present in these tissues may reveal the nature of the cells and immune responses involved in GO pathogenesis. In the current study, we performed relative quantification of the expression of cytokine genes in orbital adipose tissue from patients with GO (n = 6) and normal individuals (n = 2). Real-time RT-PCR was performed using fluorescent probes and primers for cytokines including IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-8, IL-10, IFN-γ, and TNF-α. Results showed IL-1β to be the gene having the greatest fold expression increase over normal in four of six patients. TNF-α was increased in all six GO patients. In addition, IL-8, IL-10, and IFN-γ were increased in five of six GO patients. We found no evidence of either IL-4 or IL-5 expression in any of the GO or normal samples. The increased expression of the macrophage-derived cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-10 suggests the presence of macrophage activation and ongoing antigen presentation within the orbit in GO. In addition, the overexpression of IFN-γ, without evidence of IL-4 or IL-5 expression, supports the concept that cell-mediated, rather than humoral, immunity plays the predominant role in pathogenesis of this disorder.