Citations

AbstractAlterations of cerebral glucose metabolism can be detected in patients with isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder, a prodromal feature of neurodegenerative diseases with α-synuclein pathology. However, metabolic characteristics that determine clinical progression in isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder and their association with other biomarkers need to be elucidated. We investigated the pattern of cerebral glucose metabolism on 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET in patients with isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder, differentiating between those who clinically progressed and those who remained stable over time. Second, we studied the association between 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET and lower dopamine transporter availability in the putamen, another hallmark of synucleinopathies. Patients with isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder from the Mayo Clinic Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center and Center for Sleep Medicine (n = 22) and age-and sex-matched clinically unimpaired controls (clinically unimpaired; n = 44) from the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging were included. All participants underwent 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET and dopamine transporter imaging with iodine 123-radiolabeled 2β-carbomethoxy-3β-(4-iodophenyl)-N-(3-fluoropropyl) nortropane on single-photon emission computerized tomography. A subset of patients with isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder with follow-up evaluations (n = 17) was classified as isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder progressors (n = 7) if they developed mild cognitive impairment or Parkinson’s disease; or isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder stables (n = 10) if they remained with a diagnosis of isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder with no cognitive impairment. Glucose metabolic abnormalities in isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder were determined by comparing atlas-based regional 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET uptake between isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder and clinically unimpaired. Associations between 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET and dopamine transporter availability in the putamen were analyzed with Pearson’s correlation within the nigrostriatal pathway structures and with voxel-based analysis in the cortex. Patients with isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder had lower glucose metabolism in the substantia nigra, retrosplenial cortex, angular cortex, and thalamus, and higher metabolism in the amygdala and entorhinal cortex compared with clinically unimpaired. Patients with isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder who clinically progressed over time were characterized by higher glucose metabolism in the amygdala and entorhinal cortex, and lower glucose metabolism in the cerebellum compared with clinically unimpaired. Lower dopamine transporter availability in the putamen was associated with higher glucose metabolism in the pallidum within the nigrostriatal pathway; and with higher 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake in the amygdala, insula, and temporal pole on a voxel-based analysis, although these associations did not survive after correcting for multiple comparisons. Our findings suggest that cerebral glucose metabolism in isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder is characterized by hypometabolism in regions frequently affected during the prodromal stage of synucleinopathies, potentially reflecting synaptic dysfunction. Hypermetabolism is also seen in isolated rapid eye movement sleep behaviour disorder, suggesting that synaptic metabolic disruptions may be leading to a lack of inhibition, compensatory mechanisms, or microglial activation, especially in regions associated with nigrostriatal degeneration.

Risk of sudden death in multiple system atrophy (MSA) is greatest during sleep with unknown mechanisms. We compared nocturnal pulse event frequency in 46 MSA patients and age‐/sex‐matched controls undergoing overnight pulse oximetry. Nocturnal oxyhemoglobin desaturation indices and pulse event indices (PEIs) were recorded, and relationships between pulse oximetry variables and survival were analyzed. MSA patients had lower PEI (3.1 ± 5.3 vs. 12.8 ± 10.8, p < 0.001) despite greater hypoxic burden and similar frequency of respiratory events. Nocturnal pulse events were not associated with severity of daytime autonomic failure. Two MSA patients had suspected sudden death, both with severely reduced PEI. MSA patients have fewer nocturnal pulse events compared with controls, despite similar respiratory event frequency, suggesting abnormal cardiac responses to sleep‐disordered breathing. Whether this contributes to sudden death in MSA requires further study. ANN NEUROL 2023;93:205–212

Abstract Introduction Risk of sudden death in multiple system atrophy (SuD-MSA) is greatest during sleep. Mechanisms underlying SuD-MSA may involve impaired brainstem arousal and cardiovascular responses to hypercapnia in MSA patients. We hypothesized that nocturnal arousal-related tachycardia events are reduced in MSA patients. We analyzed whether nocturnal pulse event frequency was altered in patients with MSA compared to patients with sleep disordered breathing without MSA utilizing portable overnight oximetry. Methods We retrospectively analyzed 46 probable MSA and 46 age-sex matched patients with sleep disordered breathing (SDB) without MSA, excluding patients receiving cardioactive medications. Nocturnal oxyhemoglobin desaturation indices (ODI) and pulse event indices (PEI) were automatically recorded for all patients using portable overnight oximetry. We calculated a PEI/ODI ratio to determine the relationship between probable breathing-related arousals and pulse rate change. Cardiovagal function was assessed by heart rate to deep breathing and Valsalva ratio in patients with MSA and Composite Autonomic Severity Score was assigned. Group comparisons were made with non-parametric tests. Multivariable regression explored relationships between oximetry variables and clinical characteristics. Results Average age at overnight oximetry was 62.9 ± 7.7 years. Total respiratory events between MSA patients compared with OSA controls were similar (95.0 ± 118.6 vs 73.5± 54.2, p=0.61). Total pulse events were lower in MSA than OSA controls without MSA (25.5±44.2 vs 111.6±120.2, p&lt;0.001), as were pulse events per hour (3.1 ± 5.3 vs. 12.8 ± 10.8, p &lt;0.001). The ratio of PEI/ODI was lower in MSA than OSA patients without MSA (p&lt;0.001). Twelve (26%) MSA patients had zero pulse rate events, while all OSA patients without MSA had at least 1 pulse rate event (p&lt;0.001). The number of pulse events was not associated with severity of cardiovagal dysfunction on daytime autonomic function testing. Conclusion Patients with MSA have fewer pulse rate events when compared with SDB patients without MSA, despite similar overall respiratory event frequency. The number of pulse events was not explained by severity of daytime autonomic dysfunction in those with MSA. Whether nocturnal pulse event response to sleep disordered breathing is a marker of disease severity or plays a role in SuD-MSA deserves further study. Support (If Any)