Citations

Key Points Pembrolizumab was first shown to be clinically active in CLL patients with RT. PD-1 and PD-L1 expression in tumor microenvironment are promising biomarkers to select RT patients for PD-1 blockade.

Abstract B7-H1 (aka PD-L1) blocking antibodies have been tested in the treatment of human cancers through blocking B7-H1 expressed by tumor cells; however, its impact on B7-H1 expressed by tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells is still unknown. Here, we report that tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells expressing B7-H1 were functional effector cells. An agonist antibody to PD-L1 deleted B7-H1+ PD-1+ tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells via activation of p38 MAPK, and failed to suppress tumor growth. As activation of p38 MAPK leads to CD8+ T cell apoptosis upon T cell activation, a PD-L1 antibody that activated p38 MAPK enhanced apoptosis of activated CD8+ T cells. An intracellular molecule, DNA-PKcs, was identified in association with B7-H1 and a DNA-PKcs inhibitor increased p38 MAPK activation in wild type but not in B7-H1 deficient CD8+ T cells. Our results suggest B7-H1 suppresses p38 MAPK activation via DNA-PKcs to prevent CD8+ T cell death. To maximize antitumor function, PD-L1 antibodies should be selected to avoid their collateral activation of p38 MAPK in tumor-reactive CD8+ T cells. Citation Format: Siyu Cao, Xin Liu, Xiaosheng Wu, Aaron Mansfield, Haidong Dong. B7-H1 identifies tumor-reactive effector CD8 T cells susceptible of deletion by agonist PD-L1 antibodies [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the Second CRI-CIMT-EATI-AACR International Cancer Immunotherapy Conference: Translating Science into Survival; 2016 Sept 25-28; New York, NY. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Immunol Res 2016;4(11 Suppl):Abstract nr A131.

Key Points BCL2 mutations in FL correlate with activation-induced cytidine deaminase expression and frequently alter the amino acid sequence of the protein. Mutations in the BCL2 coding sequence at diagnosis are associated with shortened time to transformation and earlier death due to lymphoma.

Abstract Activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID) is required for Ig class switch recombination, a process that introduces DNA double-strand breaks in B cells. We show in this study that AID associates with the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) promoting cell survival, presumably by resolving DNA double-strand breaks. Wild-type cells expressing AID mutants that fail to associate with DNA-PKcs or cells deficient in DNA-PKcs or 53BP1 expressing wild-type AID accumulate γH2AX foci, indicative of heightened DNA damage response. Thus, AID has two independent functions. AID catalyzes cytidine deamination that originates DNA double-strand breaks needed for recombination, and it promotes DNA damage response and cell survival. Our results thus resolve the paradox of how B cells undergoing DNA cytidine deamination and recombination exhibit heightened survival and suggest a mechanism for hyperIgM type II syndrome associated with AID mutants deficient in DNA-PKcs binding.

Abstract BAFF plays a central role in B-lineage cell biology; however, the regulation of BAFF-binding receptor (BBR) expression during B cell activation and differentiation is not completely understood. In this study, we provide a comprehensive ex vivo analysis of BBRs in human B-lineage cells at various stages of maturation, as well as describe the events that drive and regulate receptor expression. Our data reveal that B-lineage cells ranging from naive to plasma cells (PCs), excluding bone marrow PCs, express BAFF-R uniformly. In contrast, only tonsillar memory B cells (MB) and PCs, from both tonsil and bone marrow tissues, express BCMA. Furthermore, we show that TACI is expressed by MB cells and PCs, as well as a subpopulation of activated CD27neg B cells. In this regard, we demonstrate that TACI is inducible early upon B cell activation and this is independent of B cell turnover. In addition, we found that TACI expression requires activation of the ERK1/2 pathway, since its expression was blocked by ERK1/2-specific inhibitors. Expression of BAFF-R and B cell maturation Ag (BCMA) is also highly regulated and we demonstrate that BCMA expression is only acquired in MB cells and in a manner accompanied by loss of BAFF-R expression. This inverse expression coincides with MB cell differentiation into Ig-secreting cells (ISC), since blocking differentiation inhibited both induction of BCMA expression and loss of BAFF-R. Collectively, our data suggest that the BBR profile may serve as a footprint of the activation history and stage of differentiation of normal human B cells.

Abstract Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) is a genetic disease with characteristic facial features and developmental disorders. Of interest, loss of the MMSET gene (also known as WHSC1) is considered to be responsible for the core phenotypes of this disease. Patients with WHS also display Ab deficiency, although the underlying cause of this deficiency is unclear. Recent studies suggest that the histone methyltransferase activity of MMSET plays an important role in the DNA damage response by facilitating the recruitment of 53BP1 to sites of DNA damage. We hypothesize that MMSET also regulates class switch recombination (CSR) through its effect on 53BP1. In this study, we show that MMSET indeed plays an important role in CSR through its histone methyltransferase activity. Knocking down MMSET expression impaired 53BP1 recruitment as well as the germline transcription of the Igh switch regions, resulting in defective CSR but no effect on cell growth and viability. These results suggest that defective CSR caused by MMSET deficiency could be a cause of Ab deficiency in WHS patients.