Citations

Abstract Background To determine whether virtual surgical planning and three‐dimensional printed cutting guides (3D/VSP) improved radiographic bone union compared to conventional methods (CM) in fibula free flap (FFF) reconstruction of the mandibles. Methods Retrospective study from the years 2000–2018 at a tertiary hospital. Osseous union was evaluated by a radiologist blinded to each patient's treatment. Results Two hundred sixty patients who underwent FFF tissue transfer, 28 with VSP and 3D cutting guides. Bony union was not achieved in 46 (20%) patients who underwent CM compared to 1 (4%) of patients with VSP and guides ( p = 0.036). FFF complication was significantly higher in CM with 87 patients (38%) compared to three patients (11%) in 3D/VSP ( p = 0.005). Median time to bony union for patients who underwent CM was 1.4 years compared to 0.8 years in 3D/VSP. Conclusions 3D/VSP reduced the rate of radiographic nonunion and flap‐related complications in FFF reconstruction for mandibular defects.

ObjectiveDiagnostic delay in human papillomavirus–associated oropharynx squamous cell carcinoma (HPV(+)OPSCC) is common due to nonspecific symptoms. We aim to describe the disease burden and oncologic outcomes of patients with HPV(+)OPSCC diagnosed >12 months after symptom onset.Study DesignThis is a retrospective cohort study of HPV(+)OPSCC patients receiving intent‐to‐cure treatment (including surgery ± adjuvant therapy or primary chemoradiation).Setting2006‐2016, tertiary care center.MethodsTumor stage was compared between patients with and without delayed diagnosis using χ2 tests. Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis with univariate and multivariable Cox regressions were used to determine the effect of diagnostic delay on oncologic outcomes.ResultsIn total, 664 patients were included. Compared to patients diagnosed <12 months from symptom onset (n = 601), those diagnosed at >12 months (n = 63) were more likely to have T4 disease and higher overall American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) clinical stage at presentation (P <. 01 for both). At 5 years, rates of overall survival, cancer‐specific survival, progression‐free survival, and distant metastases–free survival in the delayed diagnosis cohort were 80%, 90%, 80%, and 89%, respectively. A >12‐month delay in diagnosis did not significantly impact overall survival (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.16; 95% CI, 0.58‐2.31), cancer‐specific survival (aHR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.29‐2.39), progression‐free survival (aHR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.56‐2.37), or distant metastases–free survival (aHR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.42‐2.40) after adjusting for age, sex, and clinical AJCC stage (P >. 05 for all).ConclusionsDelayed diagnosis of HPV(+)OPSCC is associated with greater burden of disease at presentation, but oncologic outcomes remain favorable across treatment modalities. When appropriate, intent‐to‐cure therapy should be pursued despite diagnostic delay.Level of EvidenceLevel III.

ObjectiveFailure to recognize symptoms of human papillomavirus–associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV(+)OPSCC) at presentation can delay diagnosis and treatment. This study aims to identify patient factors and provider patterns that contribute to delayed diagnosis.Study DesignRetrospective case series.SettingTertiary care center.MethodsPatients with HPV(+)OPSCC receiving intent‐to‐cure treatment from 2006 to 2016. Clinical data, workup, and care timelines were abstracted. Univariate and multivariable linear regressions were performed to determine associations.ResultsOf 703 included patients, 627 (89%) were male, and mean (SD) age at diagnosis was 59 (9) years. The mean (SD) delay to diagnosis was 148.8 (243.51) days, with an average delay of 63 (154.91) days from symptom onset to first presentation and 82.8 (194.25) days from first presentation to diagnosis. Most patients visited at least 2 providers (n = 546, 78%) before diagnosis and saw their primary care physician at first presentation (n = 496, 71%). The most common imaging and biopsy obtained before diagnosis was neck computed tomography (n = 391, 56%) and neck fine‐needle aspiration (n = 423, 60%), respectively. On multivariable linear regression, being a homemaker, being a current smoker, seeing 3 or more providers, and getting a magnetic resonance imaging scan were associated with significant delays in diagnosis (P <. 01, all). Treatment with antibiotics and a suspicion for HPV(+)OPSCC at first presentation were associated with decreased delays in diagnosis (P <. 01, both).ConclusionsPatient delays in seeking medical attention and provider delays in recognizing the appropriate diagnosis both contribute to delays of care in HPV(+)OPSCC. Improved patient and provider education is necessary to expedite the diagnosis of HPV(+)OPSCC.

Abstract Background Recurrent pleomorphic adenoma (PA) can be a lifelong disease, and rates of subsequent recurrence are high. Methods Patients between 2000 and 2015 were identified. Primary outcome was subsequent recurrence after surgical salvage. Results Twenty‐seven of 84 patients developed a subsequent recurrence. Risk factors for subsequent recurrence included a higher number of previous recurrences ( P < .01), worse preoperative facial nerve function ( P < .01), and deep parotid lesion(s) ( P < .01). Interval since last surgery was protective ( P < .01), specifically >10 years since last surgery ( P < .01). For patients with a >10‐year interval since their last surgery, the subsequent recurrence‐free rate at 10 years follow‐up was 80.2% vs 31.8%. Conclusions For patients presenting with a >10‐year interval since their last surgery, subsequent recurrence rates are low, which may allow for as needed surveillance recommendations. For patients presenting with recurrent PA and ≤10 years since their last surgery, a closer surveillance is warranted.

ObjectivesThe spine is the most common site of bone metastases in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). The role of surgery in the management of cervical spine (C‐spine) metastases (CSpM) has not been adequately explored.MethodsThis is a retrospective cohort study at a tertiary referral center from 2002 to 2018. Inclusion criteria were pathologic diagnosis of DTC and imaging/pathologic diagnosis of CSpM. Statistical analysis utilized t tests for continuous variables and χ2 tests for categorical variables. Survival analysis was conducted using Kaplan–Meier curves with univariate and multivariate Cox regressions.ResultsFifty patients with DTC and CSpM were identified. Of those, 16 underwent surgical resection of the C‐spine, whereas 34 did not. The most common presenting symptom was neck pain (N = 37, 74%). Patients in the surgery group were more likely to report a subjective improvement of symptoms (P < .01) and to have local (P < .01) and systemic (P = .04) disease control. Five‐year overall survival was 44.7% for the surgery group (95% confidence interval [CI]: 17.1–69.3) and 11.1% (95% CI: 2.1–28.8) for the nonsurgery group (P = .01). The strongest risk factor for improved overall survival after C‐spine metastasis was local disease control at the C‐spine (multivariate hazard ratio [HR] = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.12–0.85, P = .02). Surgical intervention was significantly associated with improved survival on both univariate (HR = 0. 35, 95% CI: 0.15–0.82, P = .02) and multivariate (HR = 0.37, 95% CI: 0.14–0.98, P = .04) analysis.ConclusionSurgical management of CSpM in differentiated thyroid cancers is associated with significantly improved local disease control and overall survival. Referral to spine surgeons should be considered after diagnosis.Level of EvidenceIV. Laryngoscope, 131:E1741–E1747, 2021

AbstractBackgroundIn patients presenting with recurrent pleomorphic adenoma (rPA), clinical evaluation can fail to recognize carcinoma ex PA (cxPA). We aim to identify the risk factors for cxPA.MethodsThis is a single institution retrospective case‐control study from 2000 to 2015. CxPA was diagnosed based on surgical pathology. Demographics, clinical, and social histories were collected.ResultsA number of 13/106 (12.3%) patients were diagnosed with cxPA, of which only 4/13 (31%) had clinical features suspicious for malignancy. Compared to benign rPA, factors associated with cxPA included age >50 (odds ratio [OR] 6.67, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.71‐25.98, P < .01), >10 pack‐years of smoking history (OR 3.36, 95% CI: 1.01‐11.14, P = .04), and the largest tumor being >2 cm on pathology (OR 4.42, 95% CI: 1.14‐17.10, P = .03).ConclusionsIn patients presenting with rPA, risk factors for malignant transformation include age >50, significant smoking history, and tumors larger than 2 cm. Clinical signs of malignancy such as rapid growth or pain are not always present.

AbstractBackgroundAggressive dose de‐escalated adjuvant radiation therapy (RT) in patients with human papillomavirus–associated oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HPV(+)OPSCC).MethodsPatients with HPV(+)OPSCC on a phase II clinical trial of primary surgery and neck dissection followed by dose de‐escalated RT (N = 79) were compared with a cohort of patients who received standard adjuvant therapy (N = 115). Local recurrence‐free, regional recurrence‐free, distant metastases‐free survival, and progression‐free survival (PFS) were assessed.ResultsOf 194 patients, 23 experienced progression at a median of 1.1 years following surgery (interquartile range [IQR] 0.7‐2.0; range 0.3‐5.4); 10 patients in the de‐escalated cohort and 13 patients in the standard cohort. The 3‐year PFS rate for the de‐escalated cohort was 87%, and in the standard cohort was 90% (hazard ratio [HR] 1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.50‐2.75]).ConclusionPatients with HPV(+)OPSCC who undergo surgical resection and neck dissection and meet criteria for adjuvant therapy can undergo aggressive dose de‐escalation of RT without increasing risk of progression locally, regionally or at distant sites.

We sought to determine the incidence and location of human papillomavirus (HPV)–associated anogenital disease in women with HPV‐positive oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) via a retrospective cohort study with prospective contact to update history at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota. Females undergoing treatment for nonmetastatic HPV‐positive OPSCC from 2011 to 2019 were identified. Clinical history and outcomes were abstracted from medical records. Patients without documented anogenital history were contacted, consented, and administered a survey, and external records were requested and reviewed. Seventeen of 46 patients (37.0%) had a history of anogenital HPV‐associated disease, and 16 of 17 (94.1%) required procedures to diagnose or treat HPV lesions. The cervix was the most common site (16/17, 94.1%). Procedures included colposcopy (n = 6), cervical excision (n = 3), cryotherapy (n = 4), and hysterectomy (n = 3). One case of fatal cervical carcinoma was noted, diagnosed 1 year following OPSCC. Three of 17 (17.6%) had HPV‐related vulvovaginal disease, and 1 of 17 had anal disease. Patients with a history of HPV‐positive OPSCC may be at elevated risk for HPV‐associated anogenital disease.

Objectives/HypothesisUse validated eye‐tracking technology to objectively measure 1) the attentional distraction of facial contour defects after superficial and total parotidectomy and 2) changes in attentional distraction with abdominal dermal fat graft reconstruction.MethodsStandardized frontal and oblique facial images of 16 patients who had undergone superficial or total parotidectomy with or without fat graft reconstruction; four normal controls were obtained. One hundred casual observers were recruited to view these images, and gaze data were collected using a Tobii Pro eye‐tracking system. Gaze durations for predefined facial areas of interest were analyzed using mixed‐effects linear regression to test study hypotheses.ResultsFor frontal images, total parotidectomy increased gaze to the operated parotid area compared to the contralateral nonoperated parotid area (92 milliseconds, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 48‐138 milliseconds, P < .001). Fat grafting normalized the attentional distraction, with no difference in gaze time on the operated parotid region compared to normal control faces (P = .414). For oblique images, total parotidectomy increased gaze to the operated parotid area compared to the contralateral nonoperated parotid area (658 milliseconds, 95% CI: 463‐854 milliseconds, P < .001). Fat grafting normalized this attentional distraction, with no difference in gaze time on the operated parotid region compared to normal control faces (P = .504). In both views, superficial parotidectomy demonstrated no significant attentional distractions, with or without fat grafting.ConclusionsThis eye‐tracking study objectively demonstrates that total parotidectomy results in a facial contour deformity that is distracting to observers, whereas superficial parotidectomy does not. For total parotidectomy, this attentional distraction can be normalized with dermal fat graft reconstruction.Level of Evidence3b Laryngoscope, 131:E124–E131, 2021

Objectives: LMNA-associated familial partial lipodystrophy (FPLD) is a rare autosomal dominant A-type laminopathy characterized by variable loss and redistribution of subcutaneous adipose tissue, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. Though A-type lamins play a key role in nuclear membrane structure and regulation of cell proliferation, an association between cancer and LMNA-associated FPLD has not been reported. Methods and Results: This report outlines the case of two biological sisters with LMNA-associated FPLD who developed hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in the absence of any other risk factors for head and neck cancer. Conclusion: These observations prompt further investigation into the potential role of A-type lamins in the development and progression of head and neck cancers.