Citations

AbstractIntroductionConventional Z‐scores are generated by subtracting the mean and dividing by the standard deviation. More recent methods linearly correct for age, sex, and education, so that these “adjusted” Z‐scores better represent whether an individual's cognitive performance is abnormal. Extreme negative Z‐scores for individuals relative to this normative distribution are considered indicative of cognitive deficiency.MethodsIn this article, we consider nonlinear shape constrained additive models accounting for age, sex, and education (correcting for nonlinearity). Additional shape constrained additive models account for varying standard deviation of the cognitive scores with age (correcting for heterogeneity of variance).ResultsCorrected Z‐scores based on nonlinear shape constrained additive models provide improved adjustment for age, sex, and education, as indicated by higher adjusted‐R2.DiscussionNonlinearly corrected Z‐scores with respect to age, sex, and education with age‐varying residual standard deviation allow for improved detection of non‐normative extreme cognitive scores.

AbstractIntroductionComparison of tau (flortaucipir) positron emission tomography (FTP‐PET) to autopsy is important to demonstrate the relationship of FTP‐PET to neuropathologic findings.MethodsAutopsies were performed on 26 participants who had antemortem FTP‐PET. FTP‐PET standardized uptake value ratios (SUVRs) were compared to autopsy diagnoses and Braak tangle stage. Quantitative tau burden was compared to regional FTP‐PET signal.ResultsParticipants with Braak stages of IV or greater had elevated FTP‐PET signal. FTP‐PET was elevated in participants with Alzheimer's disease. An FTP‐PET SUVR cut point of 1.29 was determined to be optimal. Quantitative measurements of hippocampal and temporal lobe tau burden were highly correlated to FTP‐PET signal (rho's from 0.61 to 0.70, P ≤ .02).DiscussionElevated FTP‐PET reflects Braak IV or greater neuropathology. Participants with primary age‐related tauopathy and hippocampal sclerosis did not show elevated FTP‐PET signal. Secondary neuropathologic diagnoses of Alzheimer's disease neuropathologic change can lead to borderline elevated FTP‐PET signal.

AbstractIntroductionThe Advancing Research and Treatment in Frontotemporal Lobar Degeneration and Longitudinal Evaluation of Familial Frontotemporal Dementia Subjects longitudinal studies were designed to describe the natural history of familial‐frontotemporal lobar degeneration due to autosomal dominant mutations.MethodsWe examined cognitive performance, behavioral ratings, and brain volumes from the first time point in 320 MAPT, GRN, and C9orf72 family members, including 102 non–mutation carriers, 103 asymptomatic carriers, 43 mildly/questionably symptomatic carriers, and 72 carriers with dementia.ResultsAsymptomatic carriers showed similar scores on all clinical measures compared with noncarriers but reduced frontal and temporal volumes. Those with mild/questionable impairment showed decreased verbal recall, fluency, and Trail Making Test performance and impaired mood and self‐monitoring. Dementia was associated with impairment in all measures. All MAPT carriers with dementia showed temporal atrophy, but otherwise, there was no single cognitive test or brain region that was abnormal in all subjects.DiscussionImaging changes appear to precede clinical changes in familial‐frontotemporal lobar degeneration, but specific early clinical and imaging changes vary across individuals.

AbstractIntroductionFrontotemporal dementia disorders (FTDs) are heterogeneous phenotypical behavioral and language disorders usually associated with frontal and/or temporal lobe degeneration. We investigated their incidence in a population‐based cohort.MethodsUsing a records‐linkage system, we identified all patients with a diagnostic code for dementia in Olmsted County, MN, 1995–2010, and confirmed the diagnosis of FTD. A behavioral neurologist verified the clinical diagnosis and determined phenotypes.ResultsWe identified 35 FTDs cases. Overall, the incidence of FTDs was 4.3/100,000/year (95% CI: 2.9, 5.7). Incidence was higher in men (6.3/100,000, 95% CI 3.6, 9.0) than women (2.9/100,000; 95% CI: 1.3, 4.5); we observed an increased trend over time (B = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.54, 1.11, P < .001). At autopsy, clinical diagnosis was confirmed in eight (72.7%) cases.DiscussionWe observed an increased incidence and trends of FTDs over time. This may reflect a better recognition by clinicians and improvement of clinical criteria and diagnostic tools.