Citations

Background and Purpose— Cerebral microbleed (CMB) location (deep versus strictly lobar) may elucidate underlying pathology with deep CMBs being more associated with hypertensive vascular disease and lobar CMBs being more associated with cerebral amyloid angiopathy. The objective of this study was to determine whether neuroimaging signs of vascular disease and Alzheimer pathology are associated with different types of CMBs. Methods— Among 1677 nondemented ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) participants (mean age=76±5 years; 40% men; 26% black) with 3-Tesla MRI scans at the fifth examination (2011–2013), we fit multinomial logistic regression models to quantify relationships of brain volumes (Alzheimer disease signature regions, total gray matter, frontal gray matter, and white matter hyperintensity volumes), infarct frequencies (lacunar, nonlacunar, and total), and apolipoprotein E (number of ε4 alleles) with CMB location (none, deep/mixed, or strictly lobar CMBs). Models were weighted for the sample selection scheme and adjusted for age, sex, education, hypertension, ever smoking status, diabetes mellitus, race site membership, and estimated intracranial volume (brain volume models only). Results— Deep/mixed and strictly lobar CMBs had prevalences of 8% and 16%, respectively. Larger white matter hyperintensity burden, greater total infarct frequency, smaller frontal volumes (in women only), and smaller total gray matter volume were associated with greater risk of both deep and lobar CMBs relative to no CMBs. Greater white matter hyperintensity volume was also associated with greater risk of deep relative to lobar CMBs. Higher lacunar and nonlacunar infarct frequencies were associated with higher risk of deep CMBs, whereas smaller Alzheimer disease signature region volume and apolipoprotein E ε4 homozygosity were associated with greater risk of lobar CMBs. Conclusions— CMBs are a common vascular pathology in the elderly. Markers of hypertensive small-vessel disease may contribute to deep CMBs while cerebral amyloid angiopathy may drive development of lobar CMBs.

Objective To investigate the associations between age, vascular health, and Alzheimer disease (AD) imaging biomarkers in an elderly sample. Methods We identified 430 individuals along the cognitive continuum aged >60 years with amyloid positron emission tomography (PET), tau PET, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans from the population‐based Mayo Clinic Study of Aging. A subset of 329 individuals had fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET. We ascertained presently existing cardiovascular and metabolic conditions (CMC) from health care records and used the summation of presence/absence of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, cardiac arrhythmias, coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, and stroke as a surrogate for vascular health. We used global amyloid from Pittsburgh compound B PET, entorhinal cortex tau uptake (ERC‐tau) from tau‐PET, and neurodegeneration in AD signature regions from MRI and FDG‐PET as surrogates for AD pathophysiology. We dichotomized participants into CMC = 0 (CMC − ) versus CMC > 0 (CMC + ) and tested for age‐adjusted group differences in AD biomarkers. Using structural equation models (SEMs), we assessed the impact of vascular health on AD biomarker cascade (amyloid leads to tau leads to neurodegeneration) after considering the direct and indirect age, sex, and apolipoprotein E effects. Results CMC + participants had significantly greater neurodegeneration than CMC − participants but did not differ by amyloid or ERC‐tau. The SEMs showed that (1) vascular health had a significant direct and indirect impact on neurodegeneration but not on amyloid; and (2) vascular health, specifically the presence of hyperlipidemia, had a significant direct impact on ERC‐tau. Interpretation Vascular health had quantifiably greater impact on neurodegeneration in AD regions than on amyloid deposition. Longitudinal studies are warranted to clarify the relationship between tau deposition and vascular health. Ann Neurol 2017;82:706–718

AbstractQuantitative measurement of β‐amyloid from amyloid PET scans typically relies on localizing target and reference regions by image registration to MRI. In this work, we present a series of simulations where 50 small random perturbations of starting location and orientation were applied to each subject's PET scan, and rigid registration usingspm_coregwas performed between each perturbed PET scan and its corresponding MRI. We then measured variation in the output PET‐MRI registrations and how this variation affected the resulting SUVR measurements. We performed these experiments using scans of 1196 participants, half using 18F florbetapir and half using 11C PiB. From these experiments, we measured the magnitude of the imprecision in the rigid registration steps used to localize measurement regions, and how this contributes to the overall imprecision in SUVR measurements. Unexpectedly, we found for both tracers that the imprecision in these measurements depends on the degree of amyloid tracer uptake, and thus also indirectly on Alzheimer's disease clinical status. We then examined common choices of reference regions, and we show that SUVR measurements using supratentorial white matter references are relatively resistant to this source of error. We also show that the use of partial volume correction further magnifies the effects of registration imprecision on SUVR measurements. Together, these results suggest that this rigid registration step is an attractive target for future work in improving measurement techniques.Hum Brain Mapp 38:3323–3336, 2017. ©2017 The Authors Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

AbstractIntroductionTau‐positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with AV1451 is sensitive to Alzheimer disease (AD)–related tau deposition in the brain. We (1) examined regional variation of average tau‐PET standardized uptake value ratios (SUVRs) in a young normal population (30–49 years) and corrected for the regional variability and (2) tested if the standardized values (z‐scores) scaled appropriately to capture regional Alzheimer‐specific (i.e., amyloid sensitive) tau‐PET changes in individuals aged 50+ years.MethodsWe identified 490 individuals (70 between 30–49 years as a reference group and 420 cognitively normal between 50–95 years of age) with tau‐PET and amyloid PET scans from the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging.ResultsThere was intrinsic regional variability in average tau‐PET SUVR with uptakes higher in some regions than others, even in the younger individuals who would have minimal or no neurofibrillary tangles. We corrected for this using region of interest–specific z‐scores based on the reference group. Amyloid and tau‐PET uptake were associated throughout the brain after adjusting for age, with the highest correlations in the medial temporal regions.DiscussionRegions with high‐average SUVR are not necessarily those with the greatest tau pathology. Standardization is therefore recommended. Standardization of the data “realigns” the data such that the regional tau z‐scores are informative of the disease process, that is, regions with high z‐scores now coincide with regions correlated with amyloid deposition. Medial temporal structures, specifically entorhinal cortex–tau, may be useful as an AD‐specific tau‐PET signature due to its sensitivity to amyloid.

AbstractCerebrovascular pathologies (CVPs) are common pathologies associated with age‐related cognitive decline along with Alzheimer disease pathologies. The impact of CVP on the prevalence of dementia is increasingly being recognized. The goal of this review is to improve our understanding of the pathophysiological underpinnings and the multimodal magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography imaging changes that are associated with the hallmarks of CVP. This knowledge will facilitate the development of early detection, intervention, and prevention strategies that may contribute to lowering the risk of dementia. In this review, we will first discuss currently known risk factors of CVPs including cardiovascular, lifestyle, genetic, sex differences, and head injury. Next, we will focus on the pathophysiology of CVPs and their impact on neurodegeneration and downstream cognitive impairment. Specifically, we will discuss three of the most common cerebrovascular lesions seen on MRI: white‐matter hyperintensity, microbleeds, and infarcts. Finally, we will discuss the unanswered open questions in this field.

Objectives To determine the cross‐sectional association between cerebral amyloid‐beta (A β ) deposition and gait. Design Cross‐sectional. Setting Population‐based cohort study in Olmsted County, MN . Participants Cognitively normal individuals (n = 611), aged 50 to 69 years, enrolled in the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging with concurrent PiB‐ PET imaging and gait assessment. Participants with a history of stroke, alcoholism, Parkinson's disease, subdural hematoma, traumatic brain injury, or normal pressure hydrocephalus were excluded. Measurements PiB‐ PET SUVR was measured in prefrontal, orbitofrontal, parietal, temporal, anterior cingulate, posterior cingulate, and motor‐specific regions of interest ( ROI s). Gait parameters (speed, cadence, stride length, double support time, and intra‐individual stance time variability) were measured using GAITR ite ® instrumentation. Linear regression models were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, education, APOE ε 4 allele, Charlson comorbidity index, and depression. In secondary analyses, we additionally adjusted for neurodegeneration (hippocampal volume, FDG PET SUVR , and cortical thickness) in AD ‐associated regions. Results In fully adjusted models including neuroimaging measures of neurodegeneration, higher PiB‐ PET SUVR across all ROI s was associated with slower gait speed ( P < .05 except for the parietal ROI ), lower cadence and longer double support time ( P ≤ .05 except for the motor ROI ), and greater stance time variability ( P < .05). In sex‐stratified analyses, the association between higher PiB‐ PET SUVR across all ROI s and measures of gait was only present among women. Conclusion PiB‐ PET SUVR across ROI s, independent of general measures of AD ‐associated neurodegeneration, is associated with poorer performance on multiple gait parameters among cognitively normal women, aged 50 to 69 years. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether A β predicts gait decline in both women and men.