Citations

BACKGROUND: Senescence, a mechanism of cellular aging, which is characterized by irreversible proliferation arrest and a proinflammatory secretory phenotype, has been documented in women with preeclampsia. As cellular senescence can persist and progress, we postulated that it is associated with accelerated aging phenotype and accumulation of comorbidities in women with a history of preeclampsia. METHODS: We included a cohort of women with a history of preeclampsia (n=40) age- and parity-matched to a group of referent women with normotensive pregnancies (n=40). Women with prior major cardiovascular events, neurological, or autoimmune conditions were excluded. We collected urine and blood samples to study markers of aging, data on multimorbidity at the time of enrollment, and prospectively followed them for events over the course of 6 years, on average. RESULTS: Women with a history of preeclampsia exhibited unfavorable aging profiles compared with referent women, including decreased urinary α-Klotho ( P =0.018); increased leptin ( P =0.016) and leptin/adiponectin ratio ( P =0.027), and increased extracellular vesicles positive for tissue factor ( P =0.025). Women with a history of preeclampsia likewise had a higher rate of comorbidities at the time of enrollment ( P =0.003) and had a 4× higher risk of developing major cardiovascular events compared with referent women ( P =0.003). CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that a history of preeclampsia is associated with accelerated aging as indicated by senescence marker differences and the accumulation of multimorbidity later in life. Targeting cellular senescence may offer novel, mechanism-based approaches for the diagnosis and treatment of adverse health outcomes in women with a history of preeclampsia.

Key Points In heme protein–mediated AKI (HP-AKI), a senescence phenotype promptly occurs, and increased expression of p16 Ink4a contributes to HP-AKI. Renal p16 Ink4a expression is induced by hemoglobin, myoglobin, and heme in vivo and in renal epithelial cells exposed to heme in vitro . Impairing the binding or degradation of heme by hemopexin deficiency or heme oxygenase-1 deficiency, respectively, further upregulates p16 Ink4a . Background Understanding the pathogenetic basis for AKI involves the study of ischemic and nephrotoxic models of AKI, the latter including heme protein–mediated AKI (HP-AKI). Recently, interest has grown regarding the role of senescence as a mechanism of kidney injury, including AKI. We examined whether senescence occurs in HP-AKI and potential inducers of and the role of a key driver of senescence, namely, p16 Ink4a , in HP-AKI. Methods The long-established murine glycerol model of HP-AKI was used, and indices of senescence were examined. To evaluate the interaction of heme and p16 Ink4a expression, murine models of genetic deficiency of hemopexin ( HPX ) and heme oxygenase-1 ( HO-1 ) were used. To determine the involvement of p16 Ink4a in HP-AKI, the population of p16 Ink4a -expressing cells was reduced using the INK-ATTAC model. Results Using multiple indices, a senescence phenotype appears in the kidney within hours after the induction of HP-AKI. This phenotype includes significant upregulation of p16 Ink4a . p16 Ink4a is upregulated in the kidney after the individual administration of myoglobin, hemoglobin, and heme, as well as in renal epithelial cells exposed to heme in vitro . Genetic deficiencies of HPX and HO-1 , which, independently, are expected to increase heme content in the kidney, exaggerate induction of p16 Ink4a in the kidney and exacerbate HP-AKI, the latter shown in the present studies involving HPX −/− mice and in previous studies involving HO-1 −/− mice. Finally, reduction in the population of p16 Ink4a -expressing cells in the kidney improves renal function in HP-AKI even within 24 hours. Conclusions The pathogenesis of HP-AKI involves senescence and the induction of p16 Ink4a , the latter driven, in part, by hemoglobin, myoglobin, and heme.

Objective Preeclampsia (PE) is a hypertensive pregnancy disorder that represents a sex‐specific risk factor for future cardiovascular disease in affected women. This study evaluated the associations of a history of PE, conventional cardiovascular risk factors and vascular activation (defined by activation of blood elements and blood‐borne microvesicles (MV)) with carotid intima‐media thickness (CIMT) in menopausal women. Methods Caucasian women residents of Olmsted County, MN who delivered between 1976 and 1982 were identified from review of their medical records and matched for parity and age at index birth: 40 with a history of preeclampsia (PE) and 40 with a history of normotensive pregnancy (NP). Blood clinical chemistries and 38 measures of intravascular activation including differential cell counts, platelet aggregation and secretion, cell‐cell interactions, and blood‐borne MV were measured in venous blood. CIMT was measured by B‐mode ultrasound. The study was approved by the IRB at Mayo Clinic and all women gave written informed consent. Results Women averaged 60 years of age at the time of testing. CIMT was greater in the PE [0.80 mm (0.75, 0.85); median (25th, 75th percentile)] compared to the NP [0.73 mm (0.70, 0.78)] group (P=0.004). Body mass index, waist circumference, fasting insulin, high‐sensitive C‐reactive protein and present day hypertension were greater in the PE group. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the odds of having a higher CIMT value was more than 3‐fold higher for women with a history of PE [OR 3.46 (1.38, 8.68); P=0.008]. Principal components (PC) analysis identified 7 components that accounted for 63% of the variability in measures of intravascular activation. The global test for association of intravascular activation with CIMT (P=0.009) was only significant among women with a history of NP. PC#4, which conveyed measures of whole blood platelet aggregation and platelet interactions with granulocytes and monocytes, positively associated with CIMT in the overall group after adjustment for PE status (partial ρ=0.290; P=0.009). PC#6, consisting of measures of platelet activation with platelet count and interactions between monocytes and the vascular endothelium, also showed a significant interaction with pregnancy history (P=0.014). Conclusion A history of preeclampsia accompanied by metabolic and pro‐coagulant/‐inflammatory intravascular cellular activation contributes to progression of CIMT in menopausal women. Support or Funding Information This work was funded by grants from the NIH AG44170, AG034676, UL1 TR000135 and the Mayo Foundation.

BACKGROUND: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) have been associated with an increased risk of chronic hypertension for both mothers and offspring. We sought to quantify the incidence of chronic hypertension in offspring from HDP-affected pregnancies in a large, population-based cohort study. Furthermore, we evaluate the association of HDP exposure in utero and maternal chronic hypertension in offspring. METHODS: We performed a population-based cohort study of 8755 individuals born during 1976 to 1982 to 7544 women who all resided in the same community at the time of delivery. HDP were identified using a previously validated algorithm. Diagnosis of chronic hypertension in mothers and their offspring was determined using diagnostic codes. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to assess the association between HDP and chronic hypertension. RESULTS: HDP exposure (hazard ratio, 1.50 [95% CI, 1.18–1.90]) and maternal chronic hypertension (hazard ratio, 1.73 [95% CI, 1.48–2.02]) were both associated with a significant increased risk for chronic hypertension in offspring. Both risk factors remained significantly associated with increased risk of hypertension in offspring when included together in a multivariate model. Having both exposures was associated with a 2.4-fold increase in the risk of hypertension in offspring, suggesting a synergistic additive interaction. CONCLUSIONS: HDP exposure in gestation and maternal hypertension are both independently associated with an increased risk of chronic hypertension in offspring. Our results suggest that HDP exposure in utero, in addition to maternal chronic hypertension, may lead to a greater risk for the development of hypertension in offspring.

AbstractBackgroundPreeclampsia (PE), a pregnancy specific hypertensive disorder, has been associated with elevated risk for strokes, cognitive decline, and smaller brain volumes later in life. As severe PE has been associated with the highest risks for cerebrovascular disease, we hypothesized that circulating extracellular vesicles (EVs) of neurovascular origin will be detectable in women years after severe PE as a marker of persistent neurovascular damage and amyloid‐β.MethodA cohort of 40 women with histories of normotensive pregnancies (control group) and age‐ and parity‐matched to 40 women with history of mild (n = 33) and severe (n = 7) PE were identified using the Rochester Epidemiology Project. Diagnosis of severe PE was ascertained based on clinical criteria (Table). While none of the women had any major cardiovascular events, our previous study of this cohort has demonstrated that total gray matter volumes were smaller in women with a history of preeclampsia and late‐life hypertension compared with the other groups. Blood‐borne EVs derived from neurovascular cellular activation were determined by standardized digital flow cytometry. Plasma concentration of amyloid‐β was measured by ELISA. Differences among the groups were tested by ANOVA, with the least difference test for pos hoc analysis. The association between EVs and MRI brain imaging was assessed by Pearson correlation coefficient.ResultWomen with history of severe PE had a significantly higher concentration of amyloid‐β carrying EVs compared to controls (p = 0.003). EVs positive for the markers of blood‐brain barrier‐ endothelial damage (LDL‐R) and inflammatory coagulation pathway activator (tissue factor), were significantly higher in women with history of severe PE compared to controls (p = 0.008 and p = 0.002, respectively), as well as to the women with history of mild PE. Plasma concentration of total amyloid‐β was also significantly greater in women with history of severe vs. mild PE (p = 0.037) (Table). The number of tissue factor positive EVs was negatively correlated with total gray matter volume (cm3) (p<0.05).ConclusionWomen with a history of severe PE demonstrate elevated levels of markers of neuroinflammation and neurovascular damage, as well as greater amyloid‐β secretion. Excessive inflammation may contribute to previously described brain atrophy in these women.