Citations

Background: Autologous fat grafting is a dynamic modality used in plastic surgery as an adjunct to improve functional and aesthetic form. However, current practices in fat grafting for soft-tissue augmentation are plagued by tremendous variability in long-term graft retention, resulting in suboptimal outcomes and repetitive procedures. This systematic review identifies and critically appraises the evidence for various enrichment strategies that can be used to augment and improve the viability of fat grafts. Methods: A comprehensive literature search of the Medline and PubMed databases was conducted for animal and human studies published through October of 2017 with multiple search terms related to adipose graft enrichment agents encompassing growth factors, platelet-rich plasma, adipose-derived and bone marrow stem cells, gene therapy, tissue engineering, and other strategies. Data on level of evidence, techniques, complications, and outcomes were collected. Results: A total of 1382 articles were identified, of which 147 met inclusion criteria. The majority of enrichment strategies demonstrated positive benefit for fat graft survival, particularly with growth factors and adipose-derived stem cell enrichment. Platelet-rich plasma and adipose-derived stem cells had the strongest evidence to support efficacy in human studies and may demonstrate a dose-dependent effect. Conclusions: Improved understanding of enrichment strategies contributing to fat graft survival can help to optimize safety and outcomes. Controlled clinical studies are lacking, and future studies should examine factors influencing graft survival through controlled clinical trials in order to establish safety and to obtain consistent outcomes.

Background: The frequency, pattern, and treatment of pediatric hand fractures are rarely reported. We sought to review our institution’s experience in the management of pediatric hand fractures. Methods: A retrospective review of children and adolescents (younger than 18 years) treated for hand fractures between January 1990 and June 2017 was preformed. Fractures were categorized into metacarpal, proximal/middle phalanx, distal phalanx, or intra-articular metacarpophalangeal (MCP)/proximal interphalangeal (PIP)/distal interphalangeal (DIP) fractures. Patients were categorized into 3 age groups (0-5, 6-11, and 12-17 years). Results: A total of 4356 patients were treated for hand fractures at a mean ± SD age of 12.2 ± 3.5 years. Most fractures occurred in patients aged 12 to 17 years (n = 2775, 64%), followed by patients aged 6 to 11 years (n = 1347, 31%). Only 234 (5%) fractures occurred in children younger than 5 years. Most fractures occurred in the proximal/middle phalanx (48%), followed by metacarpal (33%), distal phalangeal (12%), and intra-articular MCP/PIP/DIP joints (7%). Proximal/middle phalangeal fractures were the most common in all age groups. About 58% of intra-articular MCP/PIP/DIP fractures in patients aged between 0 and 5 years required open reduction ± fixation, and the remaining 42% fractures were amenable to closed reduction. In patients older than 5 years, about 70% of these fractures were amenable to closed reduction. All age groups included, most metacarpal (93%), proximal/middle phalangeal (92%), and distal phalangeal (86%) fractures were amenable to closed reduction alone. Conclusions: The frequency, pattern, and treatment of hand fractures vary among different age groups. Understanding the pattern of these fractures helps making the right diagnosis and guides choosing the appropriate treatment.

Abstract Background and Objectives The purpose of this study is to present our experience using free fillet flaps to reconstruct massive oncologic defects of the upper and lower extremity. Methods A retrospective chart review was performed to include patients who underwent oncologic resection followed by reconstruction using free fillet flaps from July 2001 to October 2018. Patient demographics, clinical and surgical characteristics, and postoperative complications were reviewed. Results In total, 12 patients were identified and included in this study. Mean age was 48.9 years old. Five patients had extended forequarter amputations and seven patients had external hemipelvectomies, all for locally advanced tumors. Mean tumor size was 15 ± SD 6.4 cm, and negative tumor margins were achieved in all the patients. Mean flap size was 1028 ± SD 869 cm 2 . The mean follow‐up was 13 months. There were no partial or total flap losses in the postoperative period. Two patients had flap‐related postoperative complications, including flap bleeding and wound dehiscence. Median survival was 18 months. Conclusion The free fillet flap is a safe, reliable, and valuable approach for reconstructing oncological defects. It offers the advantage of avoiding donor site morbidity, while providing extensive soft‐tissue coverage as a one‐step solution for massive oncologic defects.

Abstract Background Abdominoperineal resection (APR), which involves resection of the rectum, anal canal, and perianal skin, results in a large dead space in the pelvis, devascularized tissues, and high bacterial loads. This predisposes to wound complications, especially in the setting of neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Additional sacral resection further compounds these effects. We aimed to assess perineal wound outcomes and complications in patients who underwent flap reconstruction for APR with sacrectomy (APRS) at our institution. Methods We reviewed the charts of all patients who underwent flap reconstruction for APRS over a 20-year period (1999–2018). Medical comorbidities, details of the surgical procedure, and major and minor wound complications were recorded and analyzed. Results Forty-six patients underwent flap reconstruction following APRS—28 (60%) for colorectal cancer, 8 (17%) for sacral chordoma, and 10 diagnosed with other malignant histologies. Rectus abdominis myocutaneous (RAM) flap reconstruction was used in 42 patients (91%). The median time to the first major perineal complication was 111 days (interquartile range: 22–660 days). Half of our cohort (n = 23) experienced a major perineal complication. No significant differences were found in major or minor perineal or abdominal wall complications between RAM flap and other flaps. APR with high sacrectomy was performed in 27 patients (59%) and was associated with significantly increased full-thickness dehiscence in the perineal region when compared with APR with low sacrectomy, 33 versus 0%, respectively (p = 0.0076). Complete flap loss occurred in one patient. Conclusion The RAM flap was the workhorse flap for pelvic reconstruction following APRS in our cohort. Wound complications are common following APRS. High sacrectomy is associated with higher incidence of complications compared with low sacrectomy. Optimal surgical planning and patient counseling is fundamental to improve current surgical outcomes.

Abstract Background Facial rejuvenation procedures are common in plastic surgery. Objectives The aim of this study was to report the 50 most cited articles in the field of aesthetic facial rejuvenation surgery and provide a simple educational resource for plastic surgeons. Methods The authors utilized the Web of Science Citation Index to identify the 50 most cited articles related to surgery for facial rejuvenation published from 1950 to 2019. Articles were classified according to their level of evidence, type of study, country of publication, and topic of interest: facelift, blepharoplasty, brow lift, neck lift, or combined areas. Results The mean number of citations per article was 137, and the majority of articles (n = 19) were published between 1990 and 1999. The most prevalent topic was facelift surgery (n = 24), followed by articles discussing combined procedures (n = 13), blepharoplasty (n = 6), brow lift (n = 4), and neck lift (n = 3). Most of the articles were classified as clinical (n = 26), followed by basic science studies (n = 12) and review articles (n = 12). Among the articles amenable to grading level of evidence (n = 26), most (n = 24) presented their findings utilizing level IV evidence. The nation of origin for most of the articles (n = 41) was the United States. Conclusions Articles addressing facelift surgery represented the largest proportion of peer-reviewed landmark publications in aesthetic facial surgery research. A simple educational resource is presented to encourage the appreciation of the research in this field.

Background: Oncologic sternectomy results in complex defects where preoperative planning is paramount to achieve best reconstructive outcomes. Although pectoralis major muscle flap (PMF) is the workhorse for sternal soft tissue coverage, additional flaps can be required. Our purpose is to evaluate defects in which other flaps beside PMF were required to achieve optimal reconstruction. Methods: A retrospective review of consecutive patients at our institution who underwent reconstruction after sternal tumor resection was performed. Demographics, surgical characteristics, and outcomes were evaluated. Further analysis was performed to identify defect characteristics where additional flaps to PMF were needed to complete reconstruction. Results: In 11 years, 60 consecutive patients were identified. Mean age was 58 (28–81) years old, with a mean follow-up of 40.6 (12–64) months. The majority were primary sternal tumors (67%) and the mean defect size was 148 cm2 (±81). Fourteen (23%) patients presented with postoperative complications, and the 30-day mortality rate was 1.6%. In 19 (32%) cases, additional flaps were required; the most common being the rectus abdominis muscle flaps. Larger thoracic defects (P = 0.011) and resections involving the inferior sternum (P = 0.021) or the skin (P = 0.011) were more likely to require additional flaps. Conclusions: Reconstruction of oncologic sternal defects requires a multidisciplinary team approach. Larger thoracic defects, particularly those that involve the skin and the inferior sternum, are more likely to require additional flaps for optimal reconstruction.