Citations

Abstract Introduction Sexual dysfunction is a well-known side effect of antidepressants. Painful ejaculation is a rare side effect that has been reported with the use of some psychiatric drugs such as triclyclic antidepressants. Cyclobenzaprine is a muscle relaxant that is structurally similar to tricyclic antidepressants. It is the most commonly prescribed muscle relaxant in the United States and accounts for 18% of all prescriptions written for chronic back pain. Methods A 55-year-old man was referred to our pain medicine clinic for evaluation and treatment of pain with ejaculation. Main outcome Measure The main outcome measure was to review the current published literature and case reports on painful ejaculation from medication use, in particular tricyclic antidepressants. Results After discontinuation of cyclobenzaprine, our patient's sexual dysfunction resolved. This result was consistent with the literature reviewed on the topic. Conclusion Painful ejaculation is likely an underreported side effect of tricyclic antidepressants and cyclobenzaprine use. Fortunately, these symptoms are reversible and discontinuation of these medications is typically an effective cure.

OBJECT The authors sought to determine whether flow diversion with the Pipeline Embolization Device (PED) can approximate microsurgical decompression in restoring function after cranial neuropathy following carotid artery aneurysms. METHODS This multiinstitutional retrospective study involved 45 patients treated with PED across the United States. All patients included presented between November 2009 and October 2013 with cranial neuropathy (cranial nerves [CNs] II, III, IV, and VI) due to intracranial aneurysm. Outcome analysis included clinical and procedural variables at the time of treatment as well as at the latest clinical and radiographic follow-up. RESULTS Twenty-six aneurysms (57.8%) were located in the cavernous segment, while 6 (13.3%) were in the clinoid segment, and 13 (28.9%) were in the ophthalmic segment of the internal carotid artery. The average aneurysm size was 18.6 mm (range 4–35 mm), and the average number of flow diverters placed per patient was 1.2. Thirty-eight patients had available information regarding duration of cranial neuropathy prior to treatment. Eleven patients (28.9%) were treated within 1 month of symptom onset, while 27 (71.1%) were treated after 1 month of symptoms. The overall rate of cranial neuropathy improvement for all patients was 66.7%. The CN deficits resolved in 19 patients (42.2%), improved in 11 (24.4%), were unchanged in 14 (31.1%), and worsened in 1 (2.2%). Overtime, the rate of cranial neuropathy improvement was 33.3% (15/45), 68.8% (22/32), and 81.0% (17/21) at less than 6, 6, and 12 months, respectively. At last follow-up, 60% of patients in the isolated CN II group had improvement, while in the CN III, IV, or VI group, 85.7% had improved. Moreover, 100% (11/11) of patients experienced improvement if they were treated within 1 month of symptom onset, whereas 44.4% (12/27) experienced improvement if they treated after 1 month of symptom onset; 70.4% (19/27) of those with partial deficits improved compared with 30% (3/10) of those with complete deficits. CONCLUSIONS Cranial neuropathy caused by cerebral aneurysm responds similarly when the aneurysm is treated with the PED compared with open surgery and coil embolization. Lower morbidity and higher occlusion rates obtained with the PED may suggest it as treatment of choice for some of these lesions. Time to treatment is an important consideration regardless of treatment modality.

Objectives/HypothesisWe sought to analyze key factors that influence the management of lateral skull base defects and implement an algorithm to improve outcomes of reconstruction.Study DesignRetrospective chart review.SettingSingle tertiary academic referral center.MethodsAdults who underwent temporal bone resection were included. Variables included tumor characteristics, ablative procedure, reconstructive method, and wound complications.ResultsSeventy‐one patients were studied. Lateral temporal bone resection was performed in 55 patients (77%), subtotal temporal bone resection in 14 (20%), and total petrosectomy in two (3%). Primary closure was achieved in 46 patients (35%), with rotational muscle flaps in 21 (46%). The pectoralis major myocutaneous flap (PMMF) was used in nine patients (13%) without major complications. Single‐stage free tissue transfer was undertaken in 10 patients (14%) with no flap failures. Primary closure was achieved in 16 of 32 of previously untreated cases (50%) compared to nine of 39 cases of previously treated disease (23%) (P = 0.03). Pedicled or free flaps were used in 18 of 39 cases of previously treated disease (46%) compared to three of 32 previously untreated cases (9%) (P < 0.001). Pedicled or free flaps were used in 13 of 22 cases (59%) in which partial or total auriculectomy was performed, whereas primary closure was achieved in 39 of 49 cases (80%) in which the pinna was preserved (P < 0.001).ConclusionAdvanced tumors that require adjuvant therapy, revision cases for recurrent disease, and cases involving auriculectomy warrant free flap or PMMF reconstruction, with the latter preferred in poor free flap candidates.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 126:1911–1917, 2016

ABSTRACTLike any foreign object, orthopaedic implants are susceptible to infection when introduced into the human body. Without additional preventative measures, the absolute number of annual prosthetic joint infections will continue to rise, and may exceed the capacity of health care systems in the near future. Bacteria are difficult to eradicate from synovial joints due to their exceptionally diverse taxonomy, complex mechanistic attachment capabilities, and tendency to evolve antibiotic resistance. When a primary orthopaedic implant fails from prosthetic joint infection, surgeons are generally challenged by limited options for intervention. In this review, we highlight the etiology and taxonomic groupings of bacteria known to cause prosthetic joint infections, and examine their key mechanisms of attachment. We propose that antimicrobial strategies should focus on the most harmful bacteria taxa within the context of occurrence, taxonomic diversity, adhesion mechanisms, and implant design. Patient‐specific identification of organisms that cause prosthetic joint infections will permit assessment of their biological vulnerabilities. The latter can be targeted using a range of antimicrobial techniques that exploit different colonization mechanisms including implant surface attachment, biofilm formation, and/or hematogenous recruitment. We anticipate that customized strategies for each patient, joint, and prosthetic component will be most effective at reducing prosthetic joint infections, including those caused by antibiotic‐resistant and polymicrobial bacteria. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:177–186, 2016.

Purpose In order to achieve an oncological margin during limb salvage surgery for tumours around the hip, part or the entire hip joint is frequently sacrificed. Hip arthroplasty restores a functional extremity and achieves limb salvage. Currently there is a paucity of data concerning the late complications, long-term survival, and the risks of re-revision following aseptic revision of a total hip arthroplasty (THA) performed following an oncological resection. Methods We identified 78 patients who underwent aseptic revision of a THA which was performed for an oncological process involving the hip from 1972 to 2006. All patients had a minimum 5 years of follow-up with a mean of 13 years. Outcomes were compared to 1,378 patients undergoing aseptic revision of a THA that was performed for a diagnosis of osteoarthritis. Results The mean 5-, 10-, 15-, and 20-year re-revision-free survival for an oncologic process of the hip was 100%, 85%, 69%, and 57%. Within this cohort, younger patients were at an increased risk of revision surgery. There was no difference in survivorship of the revision implant at any of the aforementioned time points between the oncologic and osteoarthritis cohorts. Patients with an oncologic diagnosis had a higher rate of dislocations, component wear, and loosening compared to the osteoarthritis group. Conclusion Late complications following revision surgery of THA performed for an oncologic resection are common. The results of this study provide information for counselling patients on implant survivorship and complications following aseptic revision THA after index surgery for an oncologic indication.

Celiac disease (CD) is an inflammatory disorder triggered by ingested gluten, causing immune-mediated damage to the small-intestinal mucosa. Gluten proteins are strikingly similar in amino acid composition and sequence to proline-rich proteins (PRPs) in human saliva. On the basis of this feature and their shared destination in the gastrointestinal tract, we hypothesized that salivary PRPs may modulate gluten-mediated immune responses in CD. Parotid salivary secretions were collected from CD patients, refractory CD patients, non-CD patients with functional gastrointestinal complaints, and healthy controls. Structural similarities of PRPs with gluten were probed with anti-gliadin antibodies. Immune responses to PRPs were investigated toward CD patient-derived peripheral blood mononuclear cells and in a humanized transgenic HLA-DQ2/DQ8 mouse model for CD. Anti-gliadin antibodies weakly cross-reacted with the abundant salivary amylase but not with PRPs. Likewise, the R5 antibody, recognizing potential antigenic gluten epitopes, showed negligible reactivity to salivary proteins from all groups. Inflammatory responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were provoked by gliadins whereas responses to PRPs were similar to control levels, and PRPs did not compete with gliadins in immune stimulation. In vivo, PRP peptides were well tolerated and nonimmunogenic in the transgenic HLA-DQ2/DQ8 mouse model. Collectively, although structurally similar to dietary gluten, salivary PRPs were nonimmunogenic in CD patients and in a transgenic HLA-DQ2/DQ8 mouse model for CD. It is possible that salivary PRPs play a role in tolerance induction to gluten early in life. Deciphering the structural basis for the lack of immunogenicity of salivary PRPs may further our understanding of the toxicity of gluten.

SummaryBackgroundOlmesartan‐associated enteropathy (OAE) is characterised by diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, weight loss and severe sprue‐like enteropathy, all of which are resolved after discontinuation of olmesartan medoximil.AimTo determine the mechanistic similarities of OAE with coeliac sprue.MethodsDuodenal biopsies were extracted from OAE patients before (n = 11) or after (n = 17) discontinuation of olmesartan medoxomil (on or off olmesartan medoxomil). There were seven ‘on/off’ paired samples. Formalin‐fixed biopsies were stained for CD8, CD4, FoxP3, IL‐15R and psmad 2/3. Caco2 cells (human colonic epithelial line) were treated with olmesartan medoxomil and stained for IL‐15, IL‐15R and ZO‐1.ResultsIn the ‘on olmesartan medoxomil’ duodenal biopsies, a significant increase in the numbers of CD8+ cells and the number of cells that are FoxP3+ (a regulatory T‐cell marker) are present in the duodenum as compared to the duodenal biopsies from patients who discontinued olmesartan medoxomil. IL15R expression is also increased with olmesartan medoxomil use. Evaluation of the effect of olmesartan medoxomil upon Caco‐2 cells demonstrated that IL15 expression is increased in response to olmesartan medoxomil treatment. Further, ZO‐1, a tight junction protein, is disrupted in olmesartan medoxomil‐treated Caco‐2 cells.ConclusionsOlmesartan‐associated enteropathy shares many features with coeliac disease, including symptoms and immunopathogenic pathways, such as increased numbers of CD8+ cells and corresponding overexpression of IL15 by epithelial cells. Taken together, the treatment of epithelial cells with olmesartan medoxomil induces a response by intestinal epithelial cells that is similar to the innate effects of gluten upon the epithelium of coeliac patients.

ObjectiveThe epidemiology and clinical characteristics of sarcoid arthropathy are not well described, as only referral‐based studies have been reported. This study aimed to use the data from a geographically well‐defined population to characterize the clinical characteristics of sarcoid arthropathy.MethodsAn inception cohort of patients with incident sarcoidosis in the years 1976–2013 in a geographically well‐defined population was identified based on comprehensive individual medical records review. Inclusion required physician diagnosis supported by histopathology and radiologic features of intrathoracic sarcoidosis, compatible clinical presentation, and exclusion of other granulomatous diseases. Patients with joint pain were then identified from this cohort.ResultsIn 1976–2013, all 345 incident cases of sarcoidosis were identified. Symptoms of joint pain occurred in 42 patients (mean age 41.2 years, 57.1% female, and 95% white), and 35 patients had swollen joint(s) on physical examination. Most patients had arthralgia prior to the diagnosis of sarcoidosis, with an average time to diagnosis of 21 days. Of the 35 cases, oligoarthritis (2 to 4 joints) was the most common pattern (88% of cases), followed by monoarthritis (6%) and polyarthritis (6%). Ankles were involved in 91% of cases. In the majority of patients (88%), the arthritis resolved within 6 weeks. Classic Lofgren's syndrome was observed in 11 patients (26%).ConclusionInflammatory arthritis occurs in a minority of patients with sarcoidosis. Acute oligoarthritis with bilateral ankle involvement was the most common pattern of sarcoid arthropathy. It should be noted that the generalizability of the results may be limited, as the cohort was predominantly white.