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Purpose: Studies on outcomes related to endovascular treatment (EVT) in advanced stages of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) among hospitalizations with acute limb ischemia (ALI) are limited. Methods: The Nationwide Inpatient Sample was quarried from October 2015 to December 2017 to identify the hospitalizations with ALI and undergoing EVT. The study population was subdivided into 3 groups based on their CKD stages: group 1 (No CKD, stage I, stage II), group 2 (CKD stage III, stage IV), and group 3 (CKD stage V and ESRD). The primary outcome was all-cause in-hospital mortality. Results: A total of 51 995 hospitalizations with ALI undergoing EVT were identified. The in-hospital mortality was significantly higher in group 2 (OR = 1.17; 95% CI 1.04 – 1.32, p=0.009) and group 3 (OR = 3.18; 95% CI 2.74–3.69, p<0.0001) compared with group 1. Odds of minor amputation, vascular complication, atherectomy, and blood transfusion were higher among groups 2 and 3 compared with group 1. Group 2 had higher odds of access site hemorrhage compared with groups 1 and 3, whereas group 3 had higher odds of major amputation, postprocedural infection, and postoperative hemorrhage compared with groups 1 and 2. Besides, groups 2 and 3 had lower odds of discharge to home compared with group 1. Finally, the length of hospital stay and cost of care was significantly higher with the advancing CKD stages. Conclusion: Advanced CKD stages and ESRD are associated with higher mortality, worse in-hospital outcomes and higher resource utilization among ALI hospitalizations undergoing EVT. Clinical Impact Current guidelines are not clear for the optimum first line treatment of acute limb ischemia, especially in patients with advanced kidney disease as compared to normal/mild kidney disease patients. We found that advanced kidney disease is a significant risk factor for worse in-hospital morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, patients with acute limb ischemia and advanced kidney disease is associated with significantly higher resource utilization as compared to patients with normal/mild kidney disease. This study suggests shared decision making between treating physician and patients when considering endovascular therapy for the treatment of acute limb ischemia in patients with advanced kidney disease.

Background There are limited data on the outcomes of acute myocardial infarction–cardiogenic shock (AMI-CS) in patients with concomitant cancer. Methods A retrospective cohort of adult AMI-CS admissions was identified from the National Inpatient Sample (2000–2017) and stratified by active cancer, historical cancer, and no cancer. Outcomes of interest included in-hospital mortality, use of coronary angiography, use of percutaneous coronary intervention, do-not-resuscitate status, palliative care use, hospitalization costs, and hospital length of stay. Results Of the 557,974 AMI-CS admissions during this 18-year period, active and historical cancers were noted in 14,826 (2.6%) and 27,073 (4.8%), respectively. From 2000 to 2017, there was a decline in active cancers (adjusted odds ratio, 0.70 [95% CI, 0.63–0.79]; P < .001) and an increase in historical cancer (adjusted odds ratio, 2.06 [95% CI, 1.89–2.25]; P < .001). Compared with patients with no cancer, patients with active and historical cancer received less-frequent coronary angiography (57%, 67%, and 70%, respectively) and percutaneous coronary intervention (40%, 47%, and 49%%, respectively) and had higher do-not-resuscitate status (13%, 15%, 7%%, respectively) and palliative care use (12%, 10%, 6%%, respectively) (P < .001). Compared with those without cancer, higher in-hospital mortality was found in admissions with active cancer (45.9% vs 37.0%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.29 [95% CI, 1.24–1.34]; P < .001) but not historical cancer (40.1% vs 37.0%; adjusted odds ratio, 1.01 [95% CI, 0.98–1.04]; P = .39). AMI-CS admissions with cancer had a shorter hospitalization duration and lower costs (all P < .001). Conclusion Concomitant cancer was associated with less use of guideline-directed procedures. Active, but not historical, cancer was associated with higher mortality in patients with AMI-CS.

ABSTRACT Despite advances in early revascularization, percutaneous hemodynamic support platforms, and systems of care, cardiogenic shock (CS) remains associated with a mortality rate higher than 50%. Several risk stratification models have been derived since the 1990 s to identify patients at high risk of adverse outcomes. Still, limited information is available on the differences between scoring systems and their relative applicability to both acute myocardial infarction and advanced decompensated heart failure CS. Thus, we reviewed the similarities, differences, and limitations of published CS risk prediction models and herein discuss their suitability to the contemporary management of CS care.

Background: There is limited contemporary data exploring the impact of hospital characteristics on the outcomes of AMI-CA patients. Methods: We used the National Inpatient Sample database (2000-2017), to identify adult admissions with a primary diagnosis of AMI and concomitant CA. Inter-hospital transfers were excluded and hospitals were classified based on location and teaching status (rural, urban nonteaching and urban-teaching), and bed size (small, medium and large) as specified by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality Results: Among 494,083 AMI-CA admissions, 9.3% received care at rural hospitals, 43.4% at urban non-teaching hospitals, and 47.3% at urban teaching hospitals. Compared to urban non-teaching and teaching hospitals, AMI-CA admissions at rural hospitals received lower rates of coronary angiography (36.5% vs 57.7% vs 69.1%), PCI (28.1% vs 42.6% vs 52.1%), CABG (3.4%, 7.6% vs. 10.1%), MCS (10.1% vs 17.8% vs 22.6%), and invasive mechanical ventilation (42.9%, 49.7% vs. 48.7%) (all p <0.001). Admissions to urban teaching hospitals had higher rates of acute organ failure, concomitant cardiogenic shock and higher rates of cardiac and non-cardiac procedures. When hospitals were stratified by bed-size, 9.8% of AMI-CA admissions were admitted to small hospitals, 26.0% to medium-sized, and 64.2% to large hospitals. Compared to medium and large hospitals, AMI-CA admissions at small hospitals had lower rates of coronary angiography (48.9% vs 56.8% vs 64.7%), PCI (37.5% vs 42.5% vs 48.4%), CABG (5.3%, 6.8% vs. 9.5%), MCS (14.3% vs 17.3% vs 21%), and invasive mechanical ventilation (48.3%, 50.1% vs. 48%) (all p <0.001). In-hospital mortality was higher in urban non-teaching (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.17 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.14-1.20]; p<0.001) and urban teaching hospitals (aOR 1.36 [95% CI 1.32-1.39]; p<0.001) compared to rural hospitals. Compared to small hospitals, medium (aOR 1.11 [95% CI 1.08-1.14]; p<0.001) and large hospitals (aOR 1.22 [95% CI 1.19-1.25]; p<0.001) were associated with higher in-hospital mortality. Conclusions: AMI-CA admissions to large and urban hospitals had higher in-hospital mortality compared to small and rural hospitals potentially due to greater acuity.

Introduction: Regional variation in the uptake of newer techniques, procedures, and management strategies have been previously reported with acute cardiac care. Limited contemporary information exists on regional differences in the care of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients with cardiac arrest (CA). Methods: Using the National Inpatient Sample (2000-2017), we identified adults with AMI and concomitant CA admitted to the United States census regions of Northeast, Midwest, South, and West. Clinical outcomes of interest including in-hospital mortality, use of coronary angiography, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), mechanical circulatory support (MCS), hospitalization costs, and length of stay were compared across these four regions. Results: Of 9,680,257 admissions for AMI, 494,083 (5.1%) had concomitant CA. The prevalence of CA in AMI was highest in the West (6.0%) compared to the Northeast (4.4%), Midwest (5.0%), and South (5.1%), p<0.001. Admissions in the West had higher rates of STEMI presentation, cardiogenic shock, multiorgan failure, mechanical ventilation, and hemodialysis. Northeast AMI-CA admissions had lower use of coronary angiography (52.0% vs. 67.9% vs. 60.9% vs. 61.5%), PCI (38.7% vs. 51.9% vs. 44.8% vs. 46.7%), and MCS (18.4% vs. 21.8% vs. 18.1%, vs. 20.0%) compared to the Midwest, West and South (all p<0.001). Compared with the Northeast, adjusted in-hospital mortality for AMI-CA was higher in the Midwest (odds ratio [OR] 1.06 [95% confidence interval {CI} 1.03-1.08]; p<0.001), South (OR 1.11 [95% CI 1.09-1.13]; p<0.001), and highest in the West (OR 1.16 [95% CI 1.13-1.18]; p<0.001). Temporal trends showed a decline in in-hospital mortality except in the West, which showed a slight increase. Compared to other regions, AMI-CA admissions from the Northeast had longer in-hospital stays and less frequent palliative care consultations (all p<0.001). Admissions in the West had higher rates of palliative care consultations, DNR status, and highest hospitalization costs. Conclusions: We identified significant regional disparities in the management and outcomes of AMI-CA. Efforts to improve and provide uniform care for AMI-CA across regions may be essential.

Background: There are limited data on uninsured patients presenting with acute myocardial infarction-cardiogenic shock (AMI-CS). This study sought to compare the management and outcomes of AMI-CS between uninsured and privately insured individuals. Methods: Using the National Inpatient Sample (2000–2016), a retrospective cohort of adult (≥18 years) uninsured admissions (primary payer—self-pay or no charge) were compared with privately insured individuals. Interhospital transfers were excluded. Outcomes of interest included in-hospital mortality, temporal trends in admissions, use of cardiac procedures, do-not-resuscitate status, palliative care referrals, and resource utilization. Results: Of 402 182 AMI-CS admissions, 21 966 (5.4%) and 93 814 (23.3%) were uninsured and privately insured. Compared with private insured individuals, uninsured admissions were younger, male, from a lower socioeconomic status, had lower comorbidity, higher rates of acute organ failure, ST-segment elevation AMI-CS (77.3% versus 76.4%), and concomitant cardiac arrest (33.8% versus 31.9%; all P <0.001). Compared with 2000, in 2016, there were more uninsured (adjusted odds ratio, 1.15 [95% CI, 1.13–1.17]; P <0.001) and less privately insured admissions (adjusted odds ratio, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.83–0.87]; P <0.001). Uninsured individuals received less frequent coronary angiography (79.5% versus 81.0%), percutaneous coronary intervention (60.8% versus 62.2%), mechanical circulatory support (54% versus 55.5%), and had higher palliative care (3.8% versus 3.2%) and do-not-resuscitate status use (4.4% versus 3.2%; all P <0.001). Uninsured admissions had higher in-hospital mortality (adjusted odds ratio, 1.62 [95% CI, 1.55–1.68]; P <0.001) and resource utilization. Conclusions: Uninsured individuals have higher in-hospital mortality and lower use of guideline-directed therapies in AMI-CS compared with privately insured individuals.

AbstractBackgroundReal‐world data on atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation outcomes in obese populations have remained scarce, especially the relationship between obesity and in‐hospital AF ablation outcome.HypothesisObesity is associated with higher complication rates and higher admission trend for AF ablation.MethodsWe drew data from the US National Inpatient Sample to identify patients who underwent AF ablation between 2005 and 2018. Sociodemographic and patients' characteristics data were collected, and the trend, incidence of catheter ablation complications and mortality were analyzed, and further stratified by obesity classification.ResultsA total of 153 429 patients who were hospitalized for AF ablation were estimated. Among these, 11 876 obese patients (95% confidence interval [CI]: 11 422–12 330) and 10 635 morbid obese patients (95% CI: 10 200–11 069) were observed. There was a substantial uptrend admission, up to fivefold, for AF ablation in all obese patients from 2005 to 2018 (p < .001). Morbidly obese patients were statistically younger, while coexisting comorbidities were substantially higher than both obese and nonobese patients (p < .01) Both obesity and morbid obesity were significantly associated with an increased risk of total bleeding, and vascular complications (p < .05). Only morbid obesity was significantly associated with an increased risk of ablation‐related complications, total infection, and pulmonary complications (p < .01). No difference in‐hospital mortality was observed among obese, morbidly obese, and nonobese patients.ConclusionOur study observed an uptrend in the admission of obese patients undergoing AF ablation from 2005 through 2018. Obesity was associated with higher ablation‐related complications, particularly those who were morbidly obese.

OBJECTIVES: Mixed cardiogenic-septic shock is common and associated with high mortality. There are limited contemporary data on concomitant sepsis in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (AMI-CS). DESIGN: Observational study. SETTING: Twenty percent stratified sample of all community hospitals (2000–2014) in the United States. PARTICIPANTS: Adults (> 18 yr) with AMI-CS with and without concomitant sepsis. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Outcomes of interest included inhospital mortality, development of noncardiac organ failure, complications, utilization of guideline-directed procedures, length of stay, and hospitalization costs. Over 15 years, 444,253 AMI-CS admissions were identified, of which 27,057 (6%) included sepsis. The sepsis cohort had more comorbidities and had higher rates of noncardiac multiple organ failure (92% vs 69%) (all p < 0.001). In 2014, compared with 2000, the prevalence of sepsis increased from 0.5% versus 11.5% with an adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 11.71 (95% CI, 9.7–14.0) in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and 24.6 (CI, 16.4–36.7) (all p < 0.001) in non-ST segment elevation myocardial infarction. The sepsis cohort received fewer cardiac interventions (coronary angiography [65% vs 68%], percutaneous coronary intervention [43% vs 48%]) and had greater use of mechanical circulatory support (48% vs 45%) and noncardiac support (invasive mechanical ventilation [65% vs 41%] and acute hemodialysis [12% vs 3%]) (p < 0.001). The sepsis cohort had higher inhospital mortality (44.3% vs 38.1%; aOR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.18–1.25; p < 0.001), longer length of stay (14.0 d [7–24 d] vs 7.0 d [3–12 d]), greater hospitalization costs (×1,000 U.S. dollars) ($176.0 [$85–$331] vs $77.0 [$36–$147]), fewer discharges to home (22% vs 44%) and more discharges to skilled nursing facilities (51% vs 28%) (all p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: In AMI-CS, concomitant sepsis is associated with higher mortality and morbidity highlighting the need for early recognition and integrated management of mixed shock.

AbstractIntroductionReal‐world data on atrial fibrillation (AF) ablation among moderate and advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients have so far remained scarce, especially in‐hospital AF ablation outcomes.MethodsWe drew data from the US National Inpatient Sample to identify hospitalized patients who underwent AF ablation between 2005 and 2018, and further stratified by CKD classification. We assessed the trend of AF ablation, as well as its complications.ResultsA total of 152 630 patients who were primarily hospitalized for AF and underwent ablation were estimated. Among these, CKD patients were found in a total of 1509 participants, with 978, 206, and 325 under CKD3, CKD4, and CKD5/ESKD, respectively. There was a significant increment in admission rates for AF ablation in the CKD population across all CKD classifications (p < .001). All CKD patients were statistically older, with higher coexisting comorbidities, while hypertension was found substantially lower than non‐CKD patients (p ≤ .001). Importantly, CKD, especially CKD3 and CKD5/ESKD, was significantly associated with an increased risk of total complications, and total bleeding, Neurological complications were found statistically lower in CKD patients (p = .029), and no mortality rates were significantly different (p = .287).ConclusionOur study observed an increase in admission trends for AF ablation among moderate and advanced CKD patients from 2005 to 2018. CKD was strongly associated with higher procedure‐related complications and bleeding, but neurological safety profiles and mortalities rates were nonsignificantly different.

ABSTRACT Background: There are limited data on the temporal trends, incidence, and outcomes of ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction-cardiogenic shock (STEMI-CS). Methods: Adult (>18 years) STEMI-CS admissions were identified using the National Inpatient Sample (2000–2017) and classified by tertiles of admission year (2000–2005, 2006–2011, 2012–2017). Outcomes of interest included temporal trends, acute organ failure, cardiac procedures, in-hospital mortality, hospitalization costs, and length of stay. Results: In ∼4.3 million STEMI admissions, CS was noted in 368,820 (8.5%). STEMI-CS incidence increased from 5.8% in 2000 to 13.0% in 2017 (patient and hospital characteristics adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 2.45 [95% confidence interval {CI} 2.40–2.49]; P < 0.001). Multiorgan failure increased from 55.5% (2000–2005) to 74.3% (2012–2017). Between 2000 and 2017, coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention use increased from 58.8% to 80.1% and 38.6% to 70.6%, whereas coronary artery bypass grafting decreased from 14.9% to 10.4% (all P < 0.001). Over the study period, the use of intra-aortic balloon pump (40.6%–37.6%) decreased, and both percutaneous left ventricular assist devices (0%–12.9%) and extra-corporeal membrane oxygenation (0%–2.8%) increased (all P < 0.001). In hospital mortality decreased from 49.6% in 2000 to 32.7% in 2017 (aOR 0.29 [95% CI 0.28–0.31]; P < 0.001). During the 18-year period, hospital lengths of stay decreased, hospitalization costs increased and use of durable left ventricular assist device /cardiac transplantation remained stable (P > 0.05). Conclusions: In the United States, incidence of CS in STEMI has increased 2.5-fold between 2000 and 2017, while in-hospital mortality has decreased during the study period. Use of coronary angiography and PCI increased during the study period.