Citations

Background: Patients presenting with non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) are often admitted to medical wards. We aimed to evaluate the impact of the admitting department on long-term outcomes. Methods: Patients admitted to a large tertiary center were categorized according to the admission ward, either the intensive cardiac care unit (ICCU) or internal medicine department (IMD). We compared major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), a composite of all-cause death, recurrent myocardial infarction (MI), and revascularization, along with the individual components of MACE, between the two groups during a long-term follow-up. Results: A total of 11,779 NSTEMI patients were included, with 4522 admitted to the ICCU and 7257 to the department of internal medicine. Patients admitted to the ICCU had lower systolic blood pressure, higher troponin levels and lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) compared to those in the IMD group, indicating greater initial clinical severity. Although patients admitted to the ICCU experienced a significantly higher rate of in-hospital complications, there were no significant differences in the incidence of in-hospital deaths between the two groups. During 5-year follow-up, NSTEMI patients initially admitted to the ICCU had significantly lower rates of mortality and MACEs. The estimated hazard ratio for 5-year MACE and 5-year mortality rates for NSTEMI patients admitted to the IMD vs. those admitted to the ICCU were 2.03 (95% CI, 1.04–3.34) and 2.5 (95% CI, 1.10–4.38), respectively. Conclusions: NSTEMI patients admitted to the ICCU experienced lower long-term mortality and MACE rates. These findings support the management of NSTEMI patients in cardiac wards and warrant further research into the reasons for the improved outcome.

Abstract Background Moderate-severe mitral annulus calcification (MAC) and left ventricular (LV) diastolic dysfunction are both linked to increased risks of heart failure and mortality. Assessing LV diastolic function (LVDF) in moderate-severe-MAC by echocardiography is frequently challenging and unreliable. We recently validated an AI-ECG model for LVDF. We aimed to determine if this tool can predict long-term mortality in patients with moderate-severe-MAC and whether it can help establish MAC-specific echocardiographic LVDF parameter cutoffs. Methods This retrospective study included all patients from the AI-ECG LVDF study test cohort who underwent comprehensive transthoracic echocardiography confirming moderate-severe-MAC and ECG within fourteen days of each other at Mayo Clinic between 09/2001 and 06/2022. AI-ECG LVDF was determined based on the index ECG. Patients were categorized based on AI-ECG into groups representing normal/grade-1 LVDF, grade-2 LVDF, or grade-3 LVDG (DF-1, DF-2, and DF-3, respectively). Results Of 2,506 patients with moderate-severe-MAC [mean age 77, 64.1% females], 709 (28.3%), 1,510 (60.3%), and 287 (11.5%) were classified as DF-1, DF-2, and DF-3, respectively. Worse LVDF grade was associated with older age, male sex, lower LV ejection fraction, and higher rates of noncardiovascular and cardiovascular comorbidities. Over a median follow-up of 2.8 years, 1,059 (42.3%) patients died. In multivariable survival analysis, DF-2 [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.43, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 1.21-1.68] and DF-3 (aHR 1.54, 95%CI 1.22-1.93) were independently associated with a higher risk of death (figure). Findings were also consistent after adjusting to mitral inflow gradients. When comparing LVDF echocardiographic parameters in controls without MAC matched by age, sex, left ventricular ejection fraction, and AI-ECG DF grade, significant differences were observed. Patients with moderate to severe MAC generally exhibited lower e' velocities, higher TR velocities, elevated E/e' ratios, and increased LAVi. Interestingly, the E/A ratio between MAC patients and their matched controls across AI-ECG LVDF grades remained consistent. Conclusion AI-ECG LVDF predicts mortality risk in patients with moderate-severe-MAC, regardless of mitral inflow gradients. Utilizing AI-ECG LVDF might aid in the risk stratification of patients with significant MAC.

Abstract Background AI-enhanced electrocardiogram (AI-ECG) is a cost-effective tool for left ventricular dysfunction screening. However, its cost-effectiveness for other forms of structural heart disease (SHD) is unknown. While AI-ECG is inexpensive, the relatively low positive predictive value (PPV) of many models can lead to high costs from unnecessary follow-up tests like transthoracic echocardiography (TTE). Therefore, strategies to improve the yield of AI-ECG-based screening are needed. Purpose To evaluate the cost savings of a stepwise approach to SHD screening using AI-ECG followed by point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) compared to AI-ECG alone. Methods 286 adult outpatients undergoing AI-ECG were randomly selected to undergo same-day POCUS. All participants were required to have a recent TTE, our gold standard for SHD diagnosis, for comparison purposes. We evaluated four SHDs: aortic stenosis, cardiac amyloidosis, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, and left ventricular dysfunction (defined as left ventricular ejection fraction <50%). The costs of AI-ECG ($75/test) and TTE ($1,305/test) were sourced from Healthcare Bluebook, while the cost of POCUS ($100/test) was independently estimated. We compared the costs of screening with AI-ECG alone to stepwise screening with AI-ECG followed by POCUS. Costs were analyzed for two paradigms: screening for all forms of SHD in parallel and screening for each SHD individually. Results AI-ECG alone identified potential SHD in 125 out of 286 patients. When compared to TTE, only 39 out of 125 were true positives (31% PPV). Among the AI-ECG-positive patients, POCUS demonstrated findings of SHD in 52 out of 125 cases. When compared to TTE, this stepwise approach yielded 32 true positives and 20 false positives (62% PPV). In the parallel screening paradigm, the cost per patient diagnosed with SHD was $4,733 with AI-ECG alone, which decreased to $3,182 with stepwise screening (33% cost savings). For the individual SHD screening paradigm, cost reductions were as follows: aortic stenosis ($18,724 to $6,315, 66% savings), cardiac amyloidosis ($21,023 to $12,230, 42% savings), hypertrophic cardiomyopathy ($9,883 to $6,175, 38% savings), and left ventricular dysfunction ($4,019 to $3,582, 11% savings). Conclusions Stepwise SDH screening with AI-ECG followed by POCUS markedly reduces costs compared to AI-ECG alone. The greatest cost savings for individual SHD screening were observed for aortic stenosis and cardiac amyloidosis, conditions where AI-ECG models have lower PPVs. Parallel screening for multiple SHDs is also less costly than screening for any individual SHD alone. Therefore, a parallel screening approach may maximize SHD detection while minimizing screening costs. Stepwise Screening Approach for SHD SDH Screening Costs

Abstract Background Bicuspid aortic valve(BAV) disease carries a cumulative lifetime morbidity >80%. This morbidity includes surgery for aortic valve dysfunction, aortic dilatation, infective endocarditis, and aortic dissection. This study assessed surgical intervention patterns for BAV-related morbidity and long-term survival of these patients in a community-based cohort versus a tertiary referral cohort. Methods The tertiary-referral cohort included all patients with BAV-related surgeries across Mayo Clinic sites (Arizona, Florida, and Minnesota), from January 1990 to May 2024. The community-based cohort included all patients with BAV-related surgeries in Olmsted County, Minnesota, from January 1980 to May 2024. The tertiary-referral cohort comprised 2529 BAV patients of which 991(39%) [mean age 53±15 years, 76% males] underwent aortic valve surgery(AVR), aorta surgery, or a combination thereof, while the community-based cohort included 652 BAV patients of whom 262(40%) [mean age 43±20 year, 70% males] had the mentioned interventions. Cumulative survival was calculated by Kaplan-Meier method compared to the U.S population. Statistical significance was evaluated using one-sample log rank statistics. Results In the tertiary-referral cohort, 530/991(54%) patients underwent isolated AVR, 62/991(6%) had isolated aortic surgery, and 399(40%) underwent combined procedures. In the community-based cohort, 179/262(68%) patients underwent isolated AVR, 30/262(11%) underwent isolated aortic surgery, and 53(21%) had combined surgeries. In the tertiary-referral cohort, 940 patients underwent AVR; 57% for aortic stenosis(AS), 29% for aortic regurgitation(AR), 13% for mixed valvular disease, and 1% for endocarditis. In comparison, in the community-based cohort, 236 patients underwent AVR for AS in 71%, AR 20%, mixed valvular disease 7%, and endocarditis 2%. In the tertiary-referral cohort, 459 patients underwent aortic surgery; 21% for the root, 69% for the ascending aorta, 1% for the arch, <1% for aortic dissection, and 8% for coarctation repair. In comparison, 105 patients from the community-based cohort underwent aortic surgery; 33% for the root, 44% for the ascending aorta, 1% for the arch, 4% for aortic dissection and 18% coarctation repair. Compared to age- and sex-matched U.S. population, the relative risk for all cause death in the tertiary-referral cohort was 0.89 [95% CI: 0.70-1.11, p=0.35], whereas in the community-based cohort was 1.06 [95% CI: 0.85-1.32, p=0.57](Figure1). Conclusion Surgical intervention patterns were similar for community and tertiary BAV cohorts, with most patients undergoing isolated AVR or AVR plus aortic surgery, and isolated aortic surgery being uncommon. AVR indications were driven by AS, followed by AR and mixed valvular disease. Aortic surgery indications were driven by ascending aorta dilatation, followed by root dilatation and coarctation. Survival in both cohorts was similar to the U.S. general population.

Background: AI-ECG is a cost-effective tool for left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) screening. However, its cost-effectiveness for other forms of structural heart disease (SHD) is unknown. While AI-ECG is inexpensive, a drawback is low positive predictive value (PPV), which leads to high costs from unnecessary follow-up tests. Therefore, strategies to improve the yield of AI-ECG-based screening are needed. Aim: To evaluate the cost savings of a stepwise approach to SHD screening with AI-ECG followed by POCUS compared to AI-ECG alone. Methods: 286 adult outpatients undergoing AI-ECG were selected at random. Participants received same-day POCUS and had a recent TTE (our gold standard for SHD). We evaluated four SHDs: aortic stenosis (AS), cardiac amyloidosis (CA), HCM, and LVD. The costs of AI-ECG ($75) and TTE ($1,305) were obtained from Healthcare Bluebook. The cost of POCUS ($100) was estimated independently. Cost savings were analyzed for simultaneous screening for all forms of SHD and screening for individual SHDs. Results: AI-ECG identified potential SHD in 125 patients, but only 39 were true positives by TTE (31% PPV). In AI-ECG positive patients, POCUS demonstrated findings of SHD in 52/125. Compared to TTE, this stepwise approach yielded 32 true positives and 20 false positives (62% PPV). The cost per patient diagnosed with SHD was $4,733 with AI-ECG alone but decreased to $3,182 with stepwise screening (33% cost savings). Screening for individual SHDs resulted in cost reduction from $18,724 to $6,315 (66% savings) for AS, $21,023 to $12,230 (42% savings) for CA, $9,883 to $6,175 (38% savings) for HCM, and $4,019 to $3,582 (11% savings) for LVD. Conclusions: Stepwise screening for SHD with AI-ECG followed by POCUS significantly reduces costs compared to AI-ECG alone. We also suggest a model for parallel screening for multiple SHDs, which is likely more cost-effective than screening for individual SHDs.

Abstract Background Heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF) are intertwined, sharing common risk factors and influencing each other in a reciprocal manner. While left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) stands as a hallmark of HF's hemodynamic profile, its direct correlation with heightened AF risk remains uncertain. Our recent validation of an artificial intelligence-enabled electrocardiogram (AI-ECG) algorithm for LVDD detection has opened new avenues. Yet, whether AI-ECG-detected LVDD correlates with long-term AF risk remains unexplored. Methods We performed a retrospective study among all patients with a comprehensive LVDD assessment from the test population of the AI-ECG LVDD study between September 2001 and June 2022. Patients with prior documented AF according to health records or previous ECG were excluded. Patients were classified by AI-ECG as normal diastolic function (DF), grade 1 (G1), grade 2 (G2), or grade 3 (G3) LVDD. We assessed the risk of AF across AI-ECG LVDD grade, with normal DF as reference, with competing risk models. Results Of 97,023 patients free of AF at baseline, 63,533 (65.4%), 10,776 (11.1%), 18,940 (19.5%), and 3,774 (3.9%) were classified as normal DF, G1-LVDD, G2-LVDD, and G3-LVDD, respectively. Worse AI-ECG LVDD was associated with older age, lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), and higher rates of HF, diabetes, hypertension, chronic pulmonary disease, renal failure, and cardiovascular disease (p-of-trend<0.001 for all). Over a median follow-up of 4.8 years (interquartile range 1.8-9.2 years), new-onset AF occurred in 6,795 (7.0%) patients. In multivariable survival analysis, adjusted to multiple risk factors including LVEF and clinical HF, G2 and G3 LVDD, representing patients with high filling pressures, were independently associated with a higher AF-risk [G2-LVDD: adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.64 (95% confidence interval (95%CI) 1.52-1.73), G3-LVDD: aHR 2.24 (95%CI 2.02-2.48)]. Conclusion The AI-ECG LVDD algorithm independently predicts long-term AF risk, regardless of LVEF and clinical HF status, highlighting its potential for identifying high-risk populations and guiding proactive monitoring and management.

Abstract Background The determination of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) and filling pressure in patients with significant (>moderate) mitral regurgitation (MR) poses a complex challenge. We recently validated an artificial intelligence-enabled electrocardiogram (AI-ECG) algorithm to detect LVDD and estimate LV filling pressures. Methods This retrospective study sought to examine the risk of all-cause mortality across AI-ECG LVDD grades. Patients from the AI-ECG LVDD study test cohort who underwent transthoracic echocardiography confirming significant MR and an ECG within fourteen days of each other at Mayo Clinic between 09/2001 and 06/2022 were included. LVDD status was determined based on the index ECG, and patients were categorized into groups representing normal diastolic function (NDF) or LVDD grades 1 (G1), 2 (G2), or 3 (G3). Results Of 4,019 patients with significant MR (mean age 69.8, 49.0% women), 1,175 (29.2%), 1,881 (46.8%), and 963 (24.0%) were classified by AI-ECG as NDF/G1-LVDD, G2-LVDD, and G3-LVDD, respectively. The median mitral effective regurgitant orifice area was 26 mm² (interquartile range 20-36 mm²). Over a median follow-up of 3.5 years, 1,636 (40.7%) patients died. In multivariable survival analysis adjusted for multiple risk factors, a worse AI-ECG LVDD grade was independently associated with an increased death risk [G2DD: adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 1.98 (95% confidence interval (95% CI) 1.63-2.40), G3DD: aHR 2.59 (95% CI 2.09-3.20)]. These findings were consistent when accounting for mitral valve intervention and among patients with >moderate MR or after mitral valve intervention. Conclusion In patients with significant MR, the grading of LVDD by AI-ECG is independently associated with all-cause mortality.

Abstract Aim To explore the effect of Mankai, a cultivated aquatic duckweed green plant, on postprandial glucose (PG) excursions in type 2 diabetes (T2D). Methods In a 4‐week, randomized crossover‐controlled trial, we enrolled 45 adults with T2D (HbA1c range: 6.5%‐8.5%) from two sites in Israel. Participants were randomized to drink Mankai (200 mL of raw‐fresh‐aquatic plant + 100 mL of water, 40 kcal, ~10 g of dry matter equivalent) or water (300 mL) following dinner, for 2 weeks each, with a 4‐day washout interval, without dietary, physical activity or pharmacotherapy alterations. We used continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) devices. Results Forty patients (adherence rate = 88.5%; 743 person‐intervention‐days, 68.9% men, age = 64 years, HbA1c = 6.8%) completed the study with a consistent diet and complete CGM reads. Only two‐thirds of the individuals responded beneficially to Mankai. Overall, Mankai significantly lowered the PG peak by 19.3% (∆peak = 24.3 ± 16.8 vs. 30.1 ± 18.5 mg/dL; P < .001) and delayed the time‐to‐peak by 20.0% (112.5 [interquartile range: 75‐135] vs. 90 [60‐105] min; P < .001) compared with water. The PG incline and decline slopes were shallower following postdinner Mankai (incline slope: 16.8 vs. water: 29.9 mg/[dL h]; P < .001; decline slope: −6.1 vs. water: −7.9 mg/[dL h]; P < .01). Mean postprandial net incremental area‐under‐the‐glucose‐curve was lowered by 20.1% with Mankai compared with water ( P = .03). Results were consistent across several sensitivity and subgroup analyses, including across antidiabetic pharmacotherapy treatment groups. Within 2 weeks, the triglycerides/high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio in the Mankai group (−0.5 ± 1.3) decreased versus water (+0.3 ± 1.5, P = .05). Conclusions Mankai consumption may mitigate the PG response in people with T2D with an ~20% improvement in glycaemic values. These findings provide case‐study evidence for plant‐based treatments in T2D to complement a healthy lifestyle and pharmacotherapy.