Citations

Introduction The levator veli palatini (LVP) muscle has two segments with distinct roles in velopharyngeal function. Previous research suggests longer extravelar segments with shorter intravelar segments may lead to a more advantageous mechanism for velopharyngeal closure. The purpose of this study was to examine whether the distribution of the LVP intravelar and extravelar segments differs between children with cleft palate with and without VPI and controls. Methods The study included 97 children: 37 with cleft palate +/- lip with VPI, 37 controls, and 19 with cleft palate with normal resonance. Measures included mean LVP length, mean extravelar LVP length, and intravelar LVP length. Results Overall mean LVP length was similar ( P = .267) between controls and children with cleft palate (with and without VPI). However, there was a significant difference ( P < .001) between group for both intravelar and extravelar LVP lengths: the intravelar segment was significantly longer in those with VPI compared to controls and children with cleft palate and normal resonance; and the extravelar segment was significantly shorter in those with VPI compared to controls and children with cleft palate and normal resonance. Conclusions Results from this study demonstrate a significant difference between the distribution of the functional segments of the LVP among children with VPI, with a more disadvantageous distribution of the muscle segments among those with VPI.

Objective Compare the effectiveness of palatoplasty and pharyngoplasty procedures at resolving hypernasality in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q). Design Retrospective cohort study. Setting Metropolitan children's hospital. Patients Fourteen patients with 22q presenting for management of velopharyngeal insufficiency. Interventions Palatoplasty or pharyngoplasty procedure. Main Outcome Measure Resolution of hypernasality 12 months postoperatively. Results Both procedure groups had a mean preoperative velopharyngeal gap of 6.2 mm during phonation. No patient who underwent palatoplasty achieved resolution of hypernasality; 1/7 patients had worse hypernasality, 4/7 had no change, and 2/7 had improved hypernasality. In contrast, hypernasality was resolved in 6/7 patients in the pharyngoplasty group, which was significantly ( P = .03) higher than the palatoplasty group. Conclusions In patients with 22q, palatoplasty procedures may be less effective than pharyngoplasty procedures at resolving hypernasality. This may be due to underlying anatomic or physiologic differences, such as increased pharyngeal depth and hypodynamic muscles.

Objective To investigate whether flexible nasopharyngoscopy, when performed in addition to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), influences the type of surgery selected or success of surgery in patients with velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI). Design Cohort study. Setting A metropolitan children's hospital. Patients Patients with non-syndromic, repaired cleft palate presenting for management of VPI. Interventions MRI and nasopharyngoscopy or MRI alone for preoperative imaging of the velopharyngeal mechanism. Main Outcome Measures (1) Surgical selection and (2) resolution of hypernasality. All speech, MRI, and nasopharyngoscopy measurements were performed by raters blinded to patients’ medical and surgical history. Results Of the 25 patients referred for nasopharyngoscopy, 76% completed the exam. Of the 41 patients referred for MRI, the scan was successfully completed by 98% of patients. Completion of nasopharyngoscopy was significantly (p=0.01) lower than MRI. Surgical selection did not significantly differ (p=0.73) between the group receiving MRI and nasopharyngoscopy and the group receiving MRI alone, nor was there a significant difference between these groups in the proportion of patients achieving resolution of hypernasality postoperatively (p=0.63). Percent total velopharyngeal closure assessments on nasopharyngoscopy and MRI were strongly correlated (r=0.73). Conclusions In patients receiving MRI as part of their preoperative VPI evaluation, the addition of nasopharyngoscopy did not result in a difference in surgical selection or resolution of hypernasality. Routine inclusion of nasopharyngoscopy may not be necessary for the evaluation of velopharyngeal anatomy when MRI is available.

Background Collection of high-quality videorecorded speech samples is essential for speech outcomes research. Solution Cleft palate team SLPs were trained to collect standard videorecorded speech samples in the clinic setting across 20 sites in North America. Standard training and equipment was provided. What We Did That is New Quality management procedures were developed and utilized to verify video quality and protocol adherence. Over 97% of speech samples collected by trained SLPs met defined quality standards.

Background: Secondary Furlow (Furlow) and buccal myomucosal flaps (BMMF) treat velopharyngeal insufficiency by lengthening the palate and retropositioning the levator veli palatini muscles. The criteria for choosing one operation over the other remain unclear. Methods: A single-center retrospective cohort study was conducted. Thirty-two patients with nonsyndromic, repaired cleft palate were included. All patients underwent a Furlow or BMMF. Outcome measures included (1) resolution of hypernasality 12 months postoperatively, (2) degree of improvement of hypernasality severity; and (3) change in velar length, as measured on magnetic resonance imaging scans obtained preoperatively and 12 months postoperatively. All measures were performed by raters blinded to participants’ medical and surgical history. Results: Hypernasality was corrected to normal in 80% of the Furlow group and in 56% of the BMMF group. Patients receiving BMMF had more severe hypernasality during preoperative speech evaluation. Both groups had a median decrease of two scalar rating points for severity of hypernasality (P = 0.58). On postoperative magnetic resonance imaging, patients who underwent Furlow had a median increased velar length of 6.9 mm. Patients who received BMMF had a median increased velar length of 7.5 mm. There was no statistically significant difference between groups regarding increase in velar length (P = 0.95). Conclusions: Furlow and BMMF procedures increase velar length with favorable speech outcomes. The same degree of improvement for hypernasality was observed across groups, likely explained by the similar increase in velar length achieved. Anatomic changes in palate length and levator veli palatini retropositioning persist 1 year after surgery.

Objective Surgical treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) includes a wide array of procedures. The purpose of this study was to develop a classification for VPI procedures and to describe variations in how they are performed. Design/participants/setting/outcomes: We completed an in-depth review of the literature to develop a preliminary schema that encompassed existing VPI procedures. Forty-one cleft surgeons from twelve hospitals across the USA and Canada reviewed the schema and either confirmed that it encompassed all VPI procedures they performed or requested additions. Two surgeons then observed the conduct of the procedures by surgeons at each hospital. Standardized reports were completed with each visit to further explore the literature, refine the schema, and delineate the common and unique aspects of each surgeon's technique. Results Procedures were divided into three groups: palate-based surgery; pharynx-based surgery; and augmentation. Palate-based operations included straight line mucosal incision with intravelar veloplasty, double-opposing Z-plasty, and palate lengthening with buccal myomucosal flaps. Many surgeons blended maneuvers from these three techniques, so a more descriptive schema was developed classifying the maneuvers employed on the oral mucosa, nasal mucosa, and muscle. Pharynx-based surgery included pharyngeal flap and sphincter pharyngoplasty, with variations in design for each. Augmentation procedures included palate and posterior wall augmentation. Conclusions A comprehensive schema for VPI procedures was developed incorporating intentional adaptations in technique. There was substantial variation amongst surgeons in how each procedure was performed. The schema may enable more specific evaluations of surgical outcomes and exploration of the mechanisms through which these procedures improve speech.

Assess agreement of hypernasality and audible nasal emission (ANE) ratings between audio-recordings and a clinic setting. Cross-sectional study using retrospective clinical recordings. Audio-recording ratings by two trained speech language pathologists. Percent agreement and intra- and inter-rater reliability of perceptual ratings. Intra-rater reliability (AC2) of 167 audio-recorded speech samples for the primary and secondary raters, respectively, was 0.82 and 0.79 for hypernasality; for ANE, it was 0.57 and 0.75. Inter-rater reliability was 0.77 for hypernasality and 0.63 for ANE. When comparing ratings made from audio-recording versus the original clinical ratings, intra-rater reliability was 0.85 and 0.61 (primary and secondary rater, respectively) for hypernasality and 0.21 and 0.34 for ANE. Ratings for hypernasality made from audio recordings were consistent with clinical evaluation, while ratings of ANE were not. ANE ratings made from audio recordings may not be a valid measure of velopharyngeal insufficiency speech characteristics.

To determine the sensitivity and specificity of velar notching seen on nasopharyngoscopy for levator veli palatini (LVP) muscle discontinuity and anterior positioning. Nasopharyngoscopy and MRI of the velopharynx were performed on patients with VPI as part of their routine clinical care. Two speech-language pathologists independently evaluated nasopharyngoscopy studies for the presence or absence of velar notching. MRI was used to evaluate LVP muscle cohesiveness and position relative to the posterior hard palate. To determine the accuracy of velar notching for detecting LVP muscle discontinuity, sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value (PPV) were calculated. A craniofacial clinic at a large metropolitan hospital. Participants Thirty-seven patients who presented with hypernasality and/or audible nasal emission on speech evaluation and completed nasopharyngoscopy and velopharyngeal MRI study as part of their preoperative clinical evaluation. Among patients with partial or total LVP dehiscence on MRI, presence of a notch accurately identified discontinuity in the LVP 43% (95% CI 22-66%) of the time. In contrast, the absence of a notch accurately indicated LVP continuity 81% (95% CI 54-96%) of the time. The PPV for the presence of notching to identify a discontinuous LVP was 78% (95% CI 49-91%). The distance from the posterior edge of the hard palate to the LVP, known as effective velar length, was similar in patients with and without notching (median 9.8 mm vs 10.5 mm, P = 1.00). The observation of a velar notch on nasopharyngoscopy is not an accurate predictor of LVP muscle dehiscence or anterior positioning.

Objective To present the design and methodology for an actively enrolling comparative effectiveness study of revision palatoplasty versus pharyngoplasty for the treatment of velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) Design Prospective observational multicenter study Setting Twelve hospitals across the United States and Canada Participants Individuals who are 3–23 years of age with a history of repaired cleft palate and a diagnosis of VPI, with a total enrollment target of 528 participants Interventions Revision palatoplasty and pharyngoplasty (either pharyngeal flap or sphincter pharyngoplasty), as selected for each participant by their treatment team Main Outcome Measure(s) The primary outcome is resolution of hypernasality, defined as the absence of consistent hypernasality as determined by blinded perceptual assessment of a standard speech sample recorded twelve months after surgery. The secondary outcome is incidence of new onset obstructive sleep apnea. Statistical analyses will use propensity score matching to control for demographics, medical history, preoperative severity of hypernasality, and preoperative imaging findings. Results Study recruitment began February 2021. As of September 2022, 148 participants are enrolled, and 78 have undergone VPI surgery. Enrollment is projected to continue into 2025. Collection of postoperative evaluations should be completed by the end of 2026, with dissemination of results soon thereafter. Conclusions Patients with VPI following cleft palate repair are being actively enrolled at sites across the US and Canada into a prospective observational study evaluating surgical outcomes. This study will be the largest and most comprehensive study of VPI surgery outcomes to date.

Objective To describe current postoperative management practices following cleft palate repair. Design A survey was administered to cleft surgeons to collect information on their demographic characteristics, surgical training, surgical practice, and postoperative management preferences. Setting Eighteen tertiary referral hospitals across the United States. Participants: Surgeons (n = 67) performing primary cleft palate repair. Results Postoperative diet restrictions were imposed by 92% of surgeons; pureed foods were allowed at one week after surgery by 90% of surgeons; a regular diet was allowed at one month by 80% of surgeons. Elbow immobilizers and/or mittens were used by 85% of surgeons, for a median duration of two weeks. There was significant disagreement about postoperative use of bottles (61% allow), sippy cups (68% allow), pacifiers (29% allow), and antibiotics (45% prescribe). Surgeon specialty was not associated with any aspect of postoperative management ( p > 0.05 for all comparisons). Surgeon years in practice, a measure of surgeon experience, was associated only with sippy cup use ( p < 0.01). The hospital at which the surgeon practiced was associated with diet restrictions ( p < 0.01), bottle use ( p < 0.01), and use of elbow immobilizers or mittens ( p < 0.01); however, many hospitals still had disagreement among their surgeons. Conclusions Surgeons broadly agree on diet restrictions and the use of elbow immobilizers or mittens following palate repair. Almost all other aspects of postoperative management, including the type and duration of diet restriction as well as the duration of immobilizer use, are highly individualized.