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Background The comparison of mechanical thrombectomy (MT) outcomes between patients with the hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign (HMCAS) and non-HMCAS is important to evaluate the impact of this radiological finding on treatment efficacy. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the association between HMCAS and clinical outcomes in patients undergoing thrombectomy, comparing the outcomes over non-HMCAS. Methods A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, Ovid Embase, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library to identify studies on MT outcomes for M1 occlusions of HMCAS over non-HMCAS. Inclusion criteria encompassed modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score, mortality, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH), and successful recanalization. Using R software version 4.1.2, we calculated pooled odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results The meta-analysis was performed for 5 studies with 724 patients. There was no association found between presence of HMCAS and achieving mRS 0–2 (OR = 0.65, 95% CI: 0.29–1.47; p = .544). Mortality analysis also showed no significant association with presence of HMCAS (OR = 0.78, 95% CI: 0.37–1.65; p = .520). No significant difference in sICH risk (OR = 1.54, 95% CI: 0.24–9.66; p = .646) was found between groups. Recanalization analysis showed a non-significant positive association (OR = 1.23, 95% CI: 0.67–2.28; p = .501). Heterogeneity was observed in all analyses. Conclusion Our findings showed that there is no statistically significant difference in mRS scores, mortality, sICH, and recanalization success rates between the HMCAS and non-HMCAS groups.

Background Cervicofacial arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) are a significant source of morbidity. Endovascular embolization has emerged as a promising treatment technique for these lesions. However, current literature on cervicofacial AVM embolization mostly consists of single-agent oriented case series, and to date, no comprehensive study has compared the outcomes of available embolic agents. Purpose To investigate the performance of different embolic agents in the management of cervicofacial AVMs. Methods We systematically searched Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, Ovid Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials Scopus, and Web of Science. Studies providing data for the endovascular treatment of cervicofacial AVMs were included. The data regarding complication and cure rates were collected for each embolic agent. Pooled event rates were presented as descriptive statistics. Results Eleven studies comprising 204 patients were included in the review. The overall complete and partial cure rates were 62.2% (127/204) and 36.2% (74/204), respectively. Embolization failed to achieve significant improvement in only 1.6% (3/204) of the patients. The complete cure rates were 87.5% (75–100%) for n-Butyl cyanoacrylate (NBCA, glue), 80.5% (61–100%) for Onyx (Medtronic, MN, USA), and 51.5% (18–85%) for ethanol. The overall complication rate was 30% (61/204). The complication rates were 33% (12.5–53%) for ethanol, 14% (0–28%) for Onyx, and 0% for NBCA. Conclusions Our systematic review supports that endovascular embolization is an effective treatment option for cervicofacial AVMs. In our review, the use of Onyx and NBCA was associated with consistently high complete cure rates and a promising safety profile. However, more research is needed to investigate the use of different embolic agents in the treatment of cervicofacial AVMs.

Background Distal transradial artery access (dTRA) has received increasing consideration for performing diagnostic cerebral angiography and neurointerventional procedures. In this meta-analysis, we aim to evaluate the safety and efficacy of dTRA compared to conventional transradial access (cTRA) for cerebral angiography and neurointerventions. Method A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted on studies investigating outcomes of dTRA and cTRA in neurointerventions. The primary outcome was technical success rates. Secondary outcomes included access site complication rates, crossover rates to alternative vessels, fluoroscopy time, and contrast volume. The random effects model was used to calculate the mean difference (MD) and odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (Cl). Results Eight retrospective observational studies with a total of 1477 patients who underwent 1175 diagnostic cerebral angiography and 516 neurointerventional procedures using 546 dTRA and 1164 cTRA approaches were included in our meta-analysis. The technical success rate was similar between dTRA and cTRA groups (95.8% vs 91.4%; OR:1.65; 95% Cl: 0.52 to 5.22; P = 0.40). Similarly, no difference was seen in dTRA and cTRA regarding access site complications (2% vs 1.4%; OR: 1.31; 95% CI: 0.47 to 3.61; P = 0.61) and access site crossover (2.1% vs 5.3%; OR: 0.55; 95% Cl: 0.28 to 1.05; P = 0.07). After resolving heterogeneity among included studies, dTRA was associated with a shorter fluoroscopy time (MD: −0.91 min; 95% CI: −1.74 to −0.09; P = 0.03) and lower contrast volume (MD: −8.32 mL; 95% CI = −14.7 to −1.94; P = 0.011). Conclusion Our findings suggest that the dTRA approach is a safe and effective alternative to the cTRA approach in patients undergoing cerebral angiography and neurointerventions.

Background Cerebrospinal fluid-venous fistulas (CSFVF) are a common cause of spontaneous intracranial hypotension (SIH). Transvenous embolization has emerged as a reliable treatment option. We review the clinical presentation, imaging, and clinical outcomes of 100 consecutive CSFVF patients who underwent embolization over 2 years. Methods Baseline clinical characteristics, imaging findings (including Bern SIH score), technical outcomes, and long-term imaging and clinical outcomes were collected. All patients had at least 3 months of clinical follow-up and had baseline MRI. 99/100 patients underwent follow-up imaging at ≥3 months post-treatment. Results 100 patients were included. Mean imaging and clinical follow-up duration was 8.3±7.7 months and 15.0±6.8 months, respectively. The mean duration of symptoms before embolization was 40.9±52 months. Mean baseline Bern SIH score was 5.9±3.3. The most common baseline symptoms were headache (96 patients), tinnitus (55 patients), and cognitive dysfunction (44 patients). Technical success rate was 100%. Mean post-treatment Bern SIH score was 0.9±1.6 (P<0.0001). Following treatment, 95% of patients reported significant improvement or resolution in symptoms (58 patients reporting resolution and 37 reporting improvement). 5 patients reported no improvement. There were no major procedural or periprocedural complications. 10 patients had minor procedural complications that did not result in any change in management (Onyx emboli, venous perforation). 19 patients had rebound intracranial hypertension requiring acetazolamide therapy. 7 patients had recurrent fistula at the initially treated level. Conclusions Transvenous embolization of CSFVF in SIH patients is safe and effective with a 95% treatment response, significant improvement in imaging outcomes, and a very low rate of complications.

Background The Woven EndoBridge (WEB) device is used to treat wide-neck bifurcation aneurysms (WNBAs). We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the retreatment rate strategies following aneurysmal recurrence of WEB device treated WNBAs. Methods This study is reported following the PRISMA 2020 guidelines. We conducted a systematic review of the literature using PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science. Data were pooled using a random-effects model. We calculated pooled prevalence and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results We included 11 studies. The overall retreatment rate was 171/1875 aneurysms (10.3%; 95% CI = 8.3–12.9). Stent-assisted coiling was used to treat 59 aneurysms (36.7%; 95% CI = 26.4–48.5), and flow diverters were used to treat 44 aneurysms (18.7%; 95% CI = 9.9–32.5). Following retreatment, the complete occlusion rate was 57/91 aneurysms (62.8%; 95% CI = 48.2–75.3) and the adequate occlusion rate was 24/91 aneurysms (26.4%; 18.4%–36.4%). The most common aneurysmal recurrence site was the anterior communicating artery (44/136 aneurysms, 32.4%; 95% CI = 25.0–40.7). Conclusions Roughly 10% of WNBAs initially treated with the WEB device will undergo retreatment. Retreatment is an effective strategy for WEB-treated aneurysms, with high rates of adequate and complete occlusion. Future studies should work to identify risk factors for aneurysmal recurrence.

Background Smoking represents a leading risk factor for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Previous literature has described a “smoking paradox”, wherein smokers experience better outcomes following intravenous thrombolysis for AIS. It is unclear whether such a phenomenon exists in smokers undergoing endovascular therapy (EVT) for AIS. To assess outcomes in smokers following EVT for AIS, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods Following the PRISMA guidelines, a systematic literature review of the English language literature was conducted using PubMed, Embase Web of Science, and Scopus. Outcomes of interest included 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) 0–2, thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (TICI) score 2b-3, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH), and mortality. We calculated mean difference (MD), pooled odds ratios (ORs) and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results Eight studies with 2633 patients comprised our analysis. On average, smokers were 10.14 years (MD = 10.14, [95% CI = −14.49 to −5.79], P-value < 0.001) younger than non-smokers. Smokers achieved mRS 0–2 (OR = 1.82, [95% CI, 1.34–2.48], P-value < 0.001) and TICI 2b-3 (OR = 1.61, [95% CI, 1.19–2.19], P-value = 0.002) at a higher rate than non-smokers. sICH rates were comparable between smokers and non-smokers (OR = 1.07, [95% CI, 0.62–1.85], P-value = 0.81). Smokers had a lower rate of 90-day mortality than non-smokers (OR = 0.54, [95% CI, 0.41–0.71], P-value < 0.001). Conclusions In this meta-analysis of eight studies, we found that smokers with AIS undergoing EVT experienced better 90-day outcomes and higher rates of TICI 2b-3. This may be due to baseline differences between smokers and non-smokers, but future studies should explore alternative reasons that could explain this relationship between smoking and AIS treated with EVT.

Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) due to distal, medium vessel occlusion (DMVO) is increasingly recognized as the next frontier for mechanical thrombectomy. Distal, medium vessel occlusions are typically defined as an occlusion in the following arteries: anterior cerebral artery, M2–M4 segments of the middle cerebral artery, posterior cerebral artery, posterior inferior cerebellar artery, anterior inferior cerebellar artery, and superior cerebellar artery. It is estimated that 25–40% of all AIS is due to DMVO. Because of the large burden of DMVO, the frequency of literature published regarding these occlusions has greatly increased in recent years. Furthermore, treatment modalities have been created specifically for DMVOs. Due to the rapidly evolving literature on this topic, remaining up to date on DMVO definitions, anatomy, management, imaging, and clinical course is difficult. In this review article, we synthesized existing literature regarding the aforementioned topics and discussed future directions.

Background Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) is a challenging and common neurosurgical condition. Our goal is to demonstrate that middle meningeal artery (MMA) embolization combined with surgical evacuation can be a promising adjuvant option for treatment of cSDHs and prevent recurrence in symptomatic patients who require surgical treatment. Method We retrospectively collected data from patients who underwent MMA embolization using polyvinyl alcohol particles and surgical evacuation with burr hole or craniotomy in a single center for the treatment of new and recurrent cSDHs. The primary outcome was recurrence of cSDH requiring surgical rescue during follow up, and secondary outcomes were defined as >50% decrease in the maximum width of cSDHs on the longest follow-up computed tomography (CT) scan, complications following procedure, and improvement in modified Rankin scale (mRS) score. Results A total of 51 patients successfully underwent 72 MMA embolization procedures (96% of the total 75 cases in the cohort) combined with surgical evacuation. Seventy cases (93.3%) achieved at least 50% reduction in the size of the cSDHs on the last CT imaging. A surgical evacuation was required in five cases (6.7%) due to cSDH recurrence during the follow-up period. There were three complications (6.0%) related to embolization procedure. Forty patients (78.4%) showed improvement in mRS score. There was one mortality (2%) regardless of the embolization and evacuation. Conclusions Our study demonstrates the safety and efficacy of adjunct MMA embolization in significantly reducing size and recurrence of cSDHs.

Background Vertebrobasilar junction (VBJ) aneurysms represent a relatively rare and often anatomically complex subgroup of saccular aneurysms. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the safety and efficacy of endovascular treatment (EVT) of VBJ aneurysms. Methods PubMed, Web of Science, Ovid Medline, Ovid Embase, and Scopus were searched from inception to 20 December 2022. We included primary studies assessing the long-term clinical and angiographic outcomes for VBJ aneurysms treated with endovascular techniques. We excluded surgically managed studies. All data were analyzed using R software version 4.2.1. We calculated pooled prevalence rates and their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI). Results In this meta-analysis, a total of 76 VBJ aneurysms from seven studies were included for quantitative analysis. The results showed that the rate of adequate occlusion (complete + near complete occlusion) was 94.1% (95% CI = 76.71–98.71), and the rate of complete occlusion was 77.7% (95% CI = 63.07–87.65). A modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0–2 was achieved in 93.9% of patients (95% CI = 67.65–99.14). The mortality rate was found to be 5.9% (95% CI = 0.97–28.55), and the retreatment rate was 4.6% (95% CI = 1.50–13.36). The overall ischemic complication rate was 4.7% (95% CI = 0.73–25.4), while the overall hemorrhagic complication rate was 4.6% (95% CI = 1.5–13.36). Conclusions The treatment of VBJ aneurysms with EVT is effective in achieving curative treatment and is associated with good clinical outcomes and low mortality rates. These findings provide important insights into the clinical and angiographic outcomes and the complication rates of EVT for VBJ aneurysms.

Background Procedural success following mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke is assessed using the thrombolysis in cerebral infarction scale. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine whether outcomes differed between first pass thrombolysis in cerebral infarction 2b and multiple pass thrombolysis in cerebral infarction 2c-3. Methods We conducted a systematic review of the literature using PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Web of Science. We included original studies in which outcomes were stratified based on first pass thrombolysis in cerebral infarction 2b and multiple pass thrombolysis in cerebral infarction 2c-3. The primary outcome of interest was the rate of modified Rankin Scale 0-2. Secondary outcomes of interest were rates of modified Rankin Scale 0-1, symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage, and mortality. We calculated odds ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals. Results Four studies with 1554 patients were included in the quantitative analysis. Rate of modified Rankin Scale 0–2 (odds ratio = 0.91, 95% confidence interval = 0.70–1.18; P -value = 0.49), modified Rankin Scale 0–1 (odds ratio = 1.21, 95% confidence interval = 0.86–1.71; P -value = 0.27), symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (odds ratio = 1.36, 95% confidence interval = 0.47–3.98; P -value = 0.57), and mortality (odds ratio = 0.91, 95% confidence interval = 0.67–1.25; P -value = 0.56) did not differ between first pass thrombolysis in cerebral infarction 2b and multiple pass thrombolysis in cerebral infarction 2c-3. There was no heterogeneity among included studies for modified Rankin Scale 0–2, modified Rankin Scale 0–1, or mortality; however, there was moderate heterogeneity among studies for symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage ( I 2 = 53%, P -value = 0.12). Conclusions Clinical and safety outcomes did not differ between first pass thrombolysis in cerebral infarction 2b and multiple pass thrombolysis in cerebral infarction 2c-3. Future prospective studies and clinical trials should determine whether first pass thrombolysis in cerebral infarction 2b is a viable endpoint to thrombolysis in cerebral infarction 2c-3.