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OBJECTIVE This study reports the natural history of cerebral cavernous malformations (CCMs) in a contemporary cohort with prospectively collected data from multiple sources, access to follow-up imaging, integrated electronic medical records, and detailed imaging review by study investigators. The authors aimed to define the first prospective symptomatic hemorrhage (SH) and severe SH rates, determine the risk of a second prospective SH, and identify risk factors for SH. METHODS From a prospectively maintained database of adult patients with radiologically defined CCM, those with radiation-induced CCM, those who underwent surgery within 3 months postdiagnosis, and those with < 1 year of follow-up were excluded. The patients’ medical history and radiological features of the CCM were recorded at the time of diagnosis. Follow-up annual written surveys were completed for 5 years after the initial diagnosis and then semiannually thereafter in addition to medical record and follow-up imaging review. Outcomes of interest included SH and severe SH. RESULTS Of 315 patients, 58.7% were female and 19.7% had familial CCMs. At diagnosis, 37.1% of patients had ruptured CCMs and 28.9% of the CCMs were located in the brainstem. The 5-year cumulative rates of prospective SH and severe SH in those with ruptured CCMs at diagnosis were 41.2% and 12.8%, respectively, compared with 6.1% and 2.5% in patients with unruptured CCMs at diagnosis (p < 0.0001). Risk factors for prospective SH included a ruptured CCM at diagnosis and persistent or new hyperintensity on T1-weighted MRI performed > 3 months after baseline MRI. For those with a ruptured CCM at diagnosis, the risk of developing a second prospective SH was similar to that of developing a first SH. CONCLUSIONS In a contemporary cohort of adult patients with CCM, the authors report 5-year SH and severe SH rates, rates of second prospective hemorrhage, and predictors of SH. Persistent or new hyperintensity on T1-weighted MRI may be a useful marker of disease activity.

BACKGROUND: Quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) and dynamic contrast-enhanced quantitative perfusion (DCEQP) magnetic resonance imaging sequences assessing iron deposition and vascular permeability were previously correlated with new hemorrhage in cerebral cavernous malformations. We assessed their prospective changes in a multisite trial-readiness project. METHODS: Patients with cavernous malformation and symptomatic hemorrhage (SH) in the prior year, without prior or planned lesion resection or irradiation were enrolled. Mean QSM and DCEQP of the SH lesion were acquired at baseline and at 1- and 2-year follow-ups. Sensitivity and specificity of biomarker changes were analyzed in relation to predefined criteria for recurrent SH or asymptomatic change. Sample size calculations for hypothesized therapeutic effects were conducted. RESULTS: We logged 143 QSM and 130 DCEQP paired annual assessments. Annual QSM change was greater in cases with SH than in cases without SH ( P =0.019). Annual QSM increase by ≥6% occurred in 7 of 7 cases (100%) with recurrent SH and in 7 of 10 cases (70%) with asymptomatic change during the same epoch and 3.82× more frequently than clinical events. DCEQP change had lower sensitivity for SH and asymptomatic change than QSM change and greater variance. A trial with the smallest sample size would detect a 30% difference in QSM annual change during 2 years of follow-up in 34 or 42 subjects (1 and 2 tailed, respectively); power, 0.8, α=0.05. CONCLUSIONS: Assessment of QSM change is feasible and sensitive to recurrent bleeding in cavernous malformations. Evaluation of an intervention on QSM percent change may be used as a time-averaged difference between 2 arms using a repeated measures analysis. DCEQP change is associated with lesser sensitivity and higher variability than QSM. These results are the basis of an application for certification by the US Food and Drug Administration of QSM as a biomarker of drug effect on bleeding in cavernous malformations. REGISTRATION: URL: https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT03652181.

BACKGROUND: Cerebral cavernous malformation with symptomatic hemorrhage (SH) are targets for novel therapies. A multisite trial-readiness project ( https://www.clinicaltrials.gov ; Unique identifier: NCT03652181) aimed to identify clinical, imaging, and functional changes in these patients. METHODS: We enrolled adult cerebral cavernous malformation patients from 5 high-volume centers with SH within the prior year and no planned surgery. In addition to clinical and imaging review, we assessed baseline, 1- and 2-year National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, modified Rankin Scale, European Quality of Life 5D-3 L, and patient-reported outcome-measurement information system, Version 2.0. SH and asymptomatic change rates were adjudicated. Changes in functional scores were assessed as a marker for hemorrhage. RESULTS: One hundred twenty-three, 102, and 69 patients completed baseline, 1- and 2-year clinical assessments, respectively. There were 21 SH during 178.3 patient years of follow-up (11.8% per patient year). At baseline, 62.6% and 95.1% of patients had a modified Rankin Scale score of 1 and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of 0 to 4, respectively, which improved to 75.4% ( P =0.03) and 100% ( P =0.06) at 2 years. At baseline, 74.8% had at least one abnormal patient-reported outcome-measurement information system, Version 2.0 domain compared with 61.2% at 2 years ( P =0.004). The most common abnormal European Quality of Life 5D-3 L domains were pain (48.7%), anxiety (41.5%), and participation in usual activities (41.4%). Patients with prospective SH were more likely than those without SH to display functional decline in sleep, fatigue, and social function patient-reported outcome-measurement information system, Version 2.0 domains at 2 years. Other score changes did not differ significantly between groups at 2 years. The sensitivity of scores as an SH marker remained poor at the time interval assessed. CONCLUSIONS: We report SH rate, functional, and patient-reported outcomes in trial-eligible cerebral cavernous malformation with SH patients. Functional outcomes and patient-reported outcomes generally improved over 2 years. No score change was highly sensitive or specific for SH and could not be used as a primary end point in a trial.

Objective: Most cervical artery dissection (CeAD) cases are spontaneous or due to minor traumas, and preceding viral infections have been suggested to be a triggering event for CeAD in some. Herein, we analyze the prevalence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in hospitalized patients with CeAD using a national database. Methods: The National Inpatient Sample was queried from April 2020 to December 2020 for patients with a diagnosis of CeAD using International Classification of Diseases, 10th edition-Clinical Modification codes. Among these, patients with COVID-19 were identified. Multivariable logistic regression was conducted to assess the patient profile of those with COVID-19, in-patient mortality, and home discharge among patients with CeAD. Results: There were 360 (2.32%) hospitalizations involving COVID-19 among 15,500 with CeAD. Concomitant acute ischemic stroke constituted 43.06% of those with a COVID-19 diagnosis, whereas it was 43.73% among those without a COVID-19 diagnosis (P = 0.902). Home discharges were less common in patients with COVID-19 and CeAD compared to CeAD alone (34.85% vs. 48.63%; P = 0.03), but this was likely due to other factors as multivariate regression analysis did not show an association between COVID-19 and home discharges (odds ratio: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.39 to 1.25; P = 0.22). COVID-19 diagnosis had similar odds of inpatient mortality (odds ratio: 1.11; 95% CI: 0.43 to 2.84; P = 0.84). Conclusion: The prevalence of COVID-19 among hospitalized patients with CeAD is low with 2.32% of all CeAD cases. Concomitant COVID infection did not lead to an increased risk of stroke in CeAD. However, potentially worse functional outcomes (fewer home discharges) without an increase in mortality were seen in patients with COVID and CeAD.