Citations

AbstractBackgroundThe Hispanic/Latin American population is the fastest growing non‐Caucasian group in the United States. Within this group, demand for aesthetic procedures is on the rise. High ethnic variability among these patients influences treatment approaches and patient priorities. Understanding these ethnic differences is central to providing optimal care.AimsTo discuss similarities and differences in anatomy and treatment preferences of Hispanic/Latin American patients both within the United States and internationally and explore how these differences may influence or inform aesthetic practices.Patients/MethodsIn support of clinicians who wish to serve a diverse patient population, a 6‐part, international roundtable series focused on diversity in aesthetics was conducted from August 24, 2021 to May 16, 2022. In this roundtable, held in Medellin, Columbia, expert clinicians from across Latin America and the United States were invited to contribute and share best practices.ResultsThe results of the second roundtable in the series, the Latin American Patient, are described here. A special emphasis is placed on procedures that address the most commonly encountered concerns in these patients.ConclusionsHispanic and Latino patients represent a broad demographic with unique anatomical features, aesthetic preferences, and treatment priorities. Clinicians should consider these differences when treating this patient population.

Abstract Background Transient swelling is common after lip injections with hyaluronic acid (HA) based fillers. Swelling and other injection‐site reactions may relate to the injection procedure itself, or to gel properties, which differ between fillers due to differences in manufacturing methods. Objectives To evaluate safety and effectiveness of lip injections with two HA fillers manufactured using different gel technologies. Methods In a study sample of 40 subjects, treatment with two soft tissue filler product (HA RK or HA JUS ) was randomly assigned. Subjects were injected with 0.5 cc per upper and lower lip using a standardized injection procedure. Early‐onset adverse events (AEs) were assessed by evaluation up to Day 14. Aesthetic improvement, subject satisfaction, and AEs post‐Day 14 were assessed up to 24 weeks. Results In subjects treated with HA RK , the intensity of early onset swelling, erythema, and pain/tenderness was lower than in subjects treated with HA JUS . Aesthetic improvement was achieved in both groups, and most subjects were satisfied with the appearance of their lips. Treatment‐related AEs post‐Day 14 mostly related to the implant site; most were mild‐to‐moderate, and none were serious. Conclusions The intensity of early‐onset swelling, and other injection‐site reactions was lower in subjects treated with HA RK than in subjects treated with HA JUS . Since both the injection volume and injection procedure were standardized, the difference in local tolerability between the two HA fillers may relate to differences in gel properties. Aesthetic improvement, subject satisfaction, and AE profiles post‐Day 14, however, were similar between filler groups.

Abstract Background Uncontrolled product spread is an important issue to consider in facial filler injections. Lack of precision can result in reduced effectiveness and surface projection, as well as irregularities and product visibility. Objectives The authors sought to assess the precision of soft-tissue filler injections in the face by employing a cannula. Methods This single-center observational study investigated soft-tissue filler distribution utilizing real-time non-invasive ultrasound imaging. Outcome parameters included (1) the tissue plane of product distribution, (2) the extent of horizontal as well as vertical product spread at the injection site, and (3) the product surface area taking into account the multifactorial influence of several independent variables. Participants were followed up to 30 days post-injection. Results A total 100 facial injections were performed in 8 patients (2 males, 6 females) with a mean age of 37.20 (±6.34) years and a mean BMI of 22.21 (±1.39) kg/m.2. The plane of product distribution remained constant in approximately 90% of cases at day 0 (d0), d14, and d30. Mean horizontal product spread was higher compared with vertical spread, and both significantly decreased over all time points (P < .001). Mean product surface area was 22.51 ± 16.34 mm2 at d0, 15.97 ± 11.28 mm2 at d14, and 12.9 ± 9.15 mm2 at d30. Analysis employing generalized linear models revealed that injection volume and injection depth significantly influenced product surface area. Conclusions Injection of soft-tissue filler employing a cannula allows precise application of the product within the intended tissue plane. Precision can be improved by injecting less product into deeper tissue layers. Level of Evidence: 5

Abstract Background It is still unclear which facial region contributes most to the perception of an aged face when evaluated by eye-tracking analyses. Objectives The authors sought to apply eye-tracking technology to identify whether mature faces require longer fixation durations than young faces and which facial region contributes most to the perception of a mature face. Methods Eye-tracking analyses were conducted in 74 volunteers (37 males, 37 females; 43 ≤ 40 years, 31 > 40 years) evaluating their gaze pattern and the fixation durations for the entire face and 9 facial subregions. Frontal facial images of 16 younger (<40 years) and older (>40 years) gender-matched individuals were presented in a standardized setting. Results Independent of age or gender of the observer, a younger stimulus image was viewed shorter than an older stimulus image with 0.82 (0.63) seconds vs 1.06 (0.73) seconds with P < 0.001. There was no statistically significant difference in their duration of a stable eye fixation when observers inspected a male vs a female stimulus image [0.94 (0.70) seconds vs 0.94 (0.68) seconds; P = 0.657] independent of the observer’s age or gender. The facial image that captured the most attention of the observer (rank 9) was the perioral region with 1.61 (0.73) seconds for younger observers and 1.57 (0.73) seconds for older observers. Conclusions It was revealed that the perioral region attracts the most attention of observers and contributes most to an aged facial appearance. Practitioners should be mindful of the importance of the perioral region when designing an aesthetic treatment plan.

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund Die Brustrekonstruktion mittels autologem Gewebe ist fester Bestandteil eines ganzheitlichen Therapiekonzeptes bei Patientinnen mit Mammakarzinom. Während zahlreiche Studien den körperlichen und psychischen Gesundheitszustand von Patientinnen mit Brustkrebs nach Mastektomie und konsekutiver Brustrekonstruktion untersuchen, mangelt es an objektiven Daten zur Beurteilung des Einflusses von Ablatio und Brustrekonstruktion auf die Wahrnehmung von externen Beobachtern. Diese Studie untersucht die Blickmuster bei Betrachtung einer Brust in verschiedenen Stadien der Brustrekonstruktion mittels DIEP Lappenplastik. Material und Methoden Mittels Eye-Tracking-Technologie wurden die Augenbewegungen von 58 Studienteilnehmer*in- nen beim Betrachten von 2D-Fotografien einer Patientin in den verschiedenen Stadien der Brustrekonstruktion (1. Ablatio, 2. Aufbau mittels DIEP Lappenplastik, 3. MAK Rekonstruktion) analysiert. Die Zeit bis zur ersten Fixierung und die Dauer der Fixierung wurde in jedem Bild für die rechte und linke Brust aufgezeichnet. Ergebnisse Die Dauer der kompletten Fixierung der operierten Brust zeigte über die verschiedenen Stadien der Brustrekonstruktion insgesamt eine signifikante Abnahme mit p<0,001. Gleichzeitig zeigte sich keine statistisch signifikante Veränderung der Blickdauer auf der nicht-operierten Gegen- seite mit p=0,174. Die Zeit bis zur ersten Blickfixierung der betroffenen Brust zeigte eine signifikante Zunahme über die verschiedenen Rekonstruktionsschritte, mit p<0,001. Bei der Gegenseite zeigte sich kein statistisch signifikanter Unterschied in der Zeit bis zur ersten Fixierung, mit p=0,344. Schlussfolgerung Die Ablatio mammae und die einzelnen Schritte der Brustrekonstruktion verändern die äußerliche Wahrnehmung von Patientinnen. Im Laufe der einzelnen re- konstruktiven Teilschritte kommt es zu einer zunehmenden Aufhebung der Blickdeviation in Richtung erkrankte Brust.

Background: Despite various aesthetic trends, the ideal lip proportion and lip volume remains elusive. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the aesthetic perception of various lip shapes to identify the most attractive lips. Methods: Fifty-nine White study participants with a mean age of 32.73 ± 9.4 years were asked to assess lips of various proportions and of various volumes. Gaze assessment and aesthetic rating of the same set of modified lip images were performed. Results: The results revealed that the lip proportion that was rated to be most attractive was the 1:1.6 ratio (upper-to-lower lip, 4.21 of a possible 5). This lip proportion, however, was not the first one to be viewed on initial image display (1.20 sec) and had the shortest duration of a stable eye fixation within the 6-second image display interval (2.18 of 6 seconds). The lip volume that received the highest aesthetic rating was the 100 percent volume (original lip size), with 4.56 of a possible 5. This lip volume, however, had the third longest interval between initial image exposure and the first stable eye fixation (0.81 second) and had the shortest duration of stable eye fixations during the 6 seconds of image display (2.22 of 6 seconds). Conclusion: The results presented could be potentially reflective of the internal cognitive processes during the involuntary and voluntary assessment of lip attractiveness.

AbstractBackgroundAn increasing demand of minimally‐invasive aesthetic procedures of the forehead concomitantly leads to higher numbers of adverse events. Adequate application of anatomical knowledge is required to increase safety and efficacy of different minimally‐invasive aesthetic procedures in this anatomical region.ObjectiveTo describe the layered anatomy of the forehead soft tissues with respect to their thicknesses and how they relate to different minimally‐invasive aesthetic treatments.MethodsA total of n = 85 healthy study participants (69 females and 16 males) with a mean age of 40.84 ± 10.9 years and a mean body mass index of 22.65 ± 2.6 kg/m2 were investigated with ultrasound‐based imaging to measure the thickness of different forehead soft tissues.ResultsThe mean overall soft tissue thickness of the forehead was measured to be 4.18 ± 0.7 mm for the entire study population. Increasing BMI values correlated statistically significantly with increasing thickness of all measured forehead soft tissues with exception of the frontalis muscle. On a statistically significant level, males showed thicker forehead soft tissues than females, with exception of the retrofrontalis fat and the frontalis muscle.ConclusionOn basis of the findings obtained in this study, basic treatment principles can be derived and improved for the injection of neuromodulators, hyaluronic acid as well as the application of polydiaxonane (PDO) threads and micro‐focused ultrasound. Precise knowledge and thorough understanding of the layers and soft tissues of the forehead is required to guarantee safe and effective procedures in this aesthetically important facial region.

AbstractBackgroundCellulite is an aesthetic condition affecting the appearance of skin in specific body regions. When reviewing past literature, a 2‐D image of a subdermal septum was created most likely due to the applied cross‐sectional investigative methodology. Despite practitioners being aware of the 3‐D nature of the subdermal architecture, this is not reflected in the present scientific literature. The aim of this anatomic review is to summarize the past literature and to provide an update on the 3‐dimensionality of a subdermal septum with a specific focus on the pathophysiology of cellulite.Materials and MethodsThis review is based on the literature search performed in the PubMed database using the keywords: cellulite (n = 777), cellulite, AND pathophysiology (n = 53). The articles obtained were screened and those focusing on “cellulitis” or other non‐cellulite‐related topics were additionally excluded resulting in a total of n = 38 relevant articles which were evaluated for the purpose of this anatomic review.ResultsThe skin is comprised of two fat layers (superficial and deep), separated by the superficial fascia. The dynamic 3‐D interplay between retinacula cutis, fascia, and fat, with anatomic differences between men and women, highlights a complex anatomic construct with direct implications for the formation and treatment of cellulite.ConclusionThe 3‐dimensionality of a subdermal septum provides important clinical clues to understanding the underlying mechanisms and pathogenesis of cellulite. The 3‐D approach, in contrast to the past 2‐D models, presents a robust foundation for understanding and developing future cellulite therapeutic strategies.