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Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common sustained cardiac arrhythmia, contributing to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. The relationship between physical exercise and AF is complex, with studies showing both beneficial and potentially adverse effects. Moreover, evidence suggests a U-shaped association between exercise intensity and AF risk. Moderate exercise has been shown to reduce AF burden by improving cardiovascular risk factors, enhancing autonomic regulation, and mitigating atrial fibrosis. In contrast, excessively high-intensity endurance exercise may increase AF risk, particularly in young athletes, due to atrial stretching, dilation, fibrosis, autonomic imbalances, and heightened inflammation. The current guidelines emphasize exercise as a core lifestyle intervention for AF management, recommending moderate-intensity aerobic activity for optimal outcomes. This review examines the current evidence on the effects of exercise on AF, identifies knowledge gaps, and proposes potential future research directions.

Myocardial deformation imaging has emerged as a valuable clinical tool for assessing right ventricular (RV) systolic function, providing additional diagnostic and prognostic insights compared to traditional indices of RV function. Two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography is currently the standardized method of choice for measuring RV longitudinal strain (RVLS) in clinical practice. RVLS provides a more sensitive indicator of subtle myocardial dysfunction than conventional parameters for RV function assessment (i.e., tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion, tissue Doppler systolic velocity, fractional area change, or RV ejection fraction), with utility for the risk stratification and surveillance of conditions affecting the right heart. However, accurate interpretation of RVLS requires a comprehensive understanding of RV mechanics, pathology, and loading conditions across various cardiovascular conditions, as well as the effects of image quality and technical aspects of image acquisition and tracking in RV strain measurements. This review provides an updated overview of current practical guidelines for RV strain analysis, current clinical applications, and future directions for its potential use in clinical practice.

Abstract Background/Introduction Access to timely healthcare in disadvantaged areas remains essential to achieving equitable health outcomes, especially in regions facing structural and social vulnerabilities. Purpose To assess wait times for cardiovascular disease consultations in US-Mexico border regions compared to non-border regions among US Veterans. Methods This cross-sectional analysis included all veteran cardiovascular consultations referred through the Veterans Choice Program to community healthcare centers from 2014 to 2020. We obtained the average wait times in days for consultation approval, scheduling, completion, and total wait time from approval to consultation completion. All consultations were classified by county of residence as either within a US-Mexico border region or a non-border region, as per the La Paz Agreement. Multivariable linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of border status on average wait times. ARIMA modeling was completed to estimate forecasted wait times during the COVID-19 pandemic. Results A total of 485,158 consultations related to outpatient cardiovascular disease were retrieved from the VA Healthcare System. Amongst these, 461,696 of the consultations were placed in non-border regions whereas 23,462 consultations were placed in US-Mexico border regions. The most common consultation requests were made for general cardiology clinic (n=365,227), echocardiography (n=32,017), cardio-pulmonary rehabilitation (n=40,699), and cardiac stress testing (n=16,258). Wait times for cardiovascular disease consultations were not higher in US-Mexico border counties than in non-border regions. For electrophysiology consultations specifically, border counties exhibited significantly shorter total wait times (coeff = -10.81, p=0.008). Additionally, while the COVID-19 pandemic led to increased total wait times in non-border areas (Figure 1), total wait times in border regions remained stable during this period (Figure 2). Conclusions Our findings suggest that US-Mexico border region status does not result in longer wait times for cardiovascular disease consultations, with the exception of shorter wait times for electrophysiology services. This study provides important insights into the unique dynamics of healthcare access in structurally disadvantaged regions, highlighting that wait times are not a significant barrier to cardiovascular care in border areas, and emphasizes the need to consider regional differences in healthcare delivery policies.

Abstract Background Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2-Is) have emerged as a vital component in the management of heart failure (HF), demonstrating significant improvements in cardiac function. However, their impact on outcomes in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains poorly characterized. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term outcomes of SGLT2-Is among patients with AMI. Methods We conducted a retrospective cohort study using data from the TriNetX Banner Health Network platform in the United States, including patients aged ≥18 years with AMI identified through ICD-10 codes. Patients were categorized into two cohorts based on SGLT2-I use. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to balance baseline demographics, comorbidities (e.g., hypertension, diabetes, chronic kidney disease, heart failure, and hyperlipidemia), and medication use (e.g., heart failure therapies, antiplatelet agents, anticoagulants). Risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were estimated for the following cardiovascular outcomes: acute HF hospitalizations, stroke, all-cause hospitalizations, recurrent AMI, cardiac arrest, and new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF). Kaplan-Meier analysis was completed to estimate survival probability from all-cause hospitalizations. Results After PSM, 2,440 patients were analyzed (1,220 SGLT2-I users; 1,220 non-users). Both cohorts had similar characteristics without any residual imbalance: mean age 67.7 years in the SGLT2-I group vs. 67.5 years in non-users, and both groups included 85.2% White and 33.6% female patients. Mean follow-up duration was 608 days for SGLT2-I users and 1,013.5 days for non-users. SGLT2-I use was associated with significantly lower rates of all-cause hospitalizations (RR: 0.712; 95% CI: 0.652–0.777), HF-related hospitalizations (RR: 0.878; 95% CI: 0.781–0.987), recurrent AMI (RR: 0.821; 95% CI: 0.703–0.959), and cardiac arrest (RR: 0.500; 95% CI: 0.345–0.725). No significant differences were observed in stroke (RR: 0.909; 95% CI: 0.702–1.178) or new-onset AF (RR: 0.889; 95% CI: 0.782–1.010) between the cohorts. Conclusions SGLT2-Is are associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes in patients with AMI, including reductions in all-cause and HF-related hospitalizations, recurrent AMI, and cardiac arrest. While these findings are hypothesis-generating, they emphasize the need for prospective clinical trials to confirm these results.Kaplan-Meier Analysis.

Cardiac cachexia (CC) is a severe complication of advanced heart failure (HF), characterized by involuntary weight loss and muscle wasting, leading to poor outcomes and higher mortality. Despite its severity, CC remains under-recognized and undertreated, lacking targeted therapies specifically addressing its pathophysiology. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs), though beneficial in reducing cardiovascular risk in patients with HF, may exacerbate muscle wasting in cachectic patients, necessitating further investigation. Non-pharmacological strategies, including tailored nutritional support and exercise programs, have shown positive effects on body composition and quality of life in patients with CC. However, there remains a gap in recommendations tailored to preventive strategies and pharmacologic therapies for patients with CC and concomitant GLP-1RA use. This review highlights the multifactorial mechanisms underlying CC and current and emerging therapeutic approaches for mitigating HF-related sarcopenia while on GLP-1RAs.

Abstract Aims Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2-Is) improve heart failure (HF) outcomes but their effects on acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remain poorly characterized. This study aimed to evaluate the 1-year cardiovascular outcomes of SGLT2-Is among patients with AMI. Methods and results We conducted an observational, retrospective cohort study using TriNetX data, including patients aged ≥18 with AMI identified via ICD-10 codes regardless of left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), categorized by SGLT2-Is use. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to balance baseline demographics, comorbidities, and medication use. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) were estimated for the primary outcome (recurrent AMI) and the secondary outcomes (acute HF hospitalizations, stroke, all-cause hospitalizations, all-cause mortality, new-onset atrial fibrillation, and cardiac arrest). After PSM, 89 554 patients were analysed (44 777 SGLT2-Is users; 44 777 non-users). The mean age was ∼68 years in both cohorts with a similarly high burden of cardiovascular comorbidities. Mean follow-up duration was 290.854 days for SGLT2-Is users and 284.465 days for non-users. SGLT2-Is use was linked to lower rates of recurrent AMI [aOR: 0.459; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.367–0.551], all-cause hospitalizations (aOR: 0.782; 95% CI: 0.762–0.803), all-cause mortality (aOR: 0.640; 95% CI: 0.612–0.670), and cardiac arrest (aOR: 0.834; 95% CI: 0.773–0.900). No differences were observed in acute HF hospitalizations, new-onset atrial fibrillation, or stroke. Conclusion SGLT2-Is are associated with improved cardiovascular outcomes in patients with AMI, including reductions in recurrent AMI, all-cause hospitalizations and mortality, and cardiac arrest. These findings emphasize the need for prospective clinical trials involving patients with AMI and other cardiovascular comorbidities, regardless of LVEF, to confirm these results.

Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and thoracic aortic aneurysms and dissections (TAAD) are recognized in syndromic connective tissue diseases (CTD), but most cases occur sporadically. The extent to which non-syndromic BAV or TAAD predisposes to additional arteriopathies, particularly in younger individuals, remains unclear. We retrospectively analyzed 1438 patients (mean age = 48.0, 67.7% female), excluding those with CTDs. Participants were ≤60 years old and categorized by the presence of BAV and/or TAAD. We examined co-existing arterial pathologies, including fibromuscular dysplasia, spontaneous coronary artery dissection, abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA), mesenteric, peripheral extremity, and carotid/cerebral arteriopathies. Overall, 44.6% had either BAV or TAAD, and 27.2% had multiple arteriopathies. While vascular diseases were frequently noted, odds ratios demonstrated no significantly increased risk of extra-aortic arteriopathies in the BAV or TAAD cohorts. AAA exhibited a non-significant trend toward higher prevalence in TAAD patients. These findings support current guidelines recommending targeted imaging (transthoracic echocardiography of the aortic root and ascending aorta) over comprehensive “head-to-pelvis” screening for non-syndromic BAV or TAAD patients without additional risk factors. Ongoing genetic analyses may elucidate whether particular variants predispose to multi-site aneurysms or dissections. Consequently, targeted surveillance remains appropriate, with broader imaging reserved for patients with genetic or clinical indicators of higher risk.

Mitral regurgitation (MR) in lung transplant (LTx) recipients is a rare but complex cardiopulmonary phenomenon. The overlap between symptoms of MR and post-LTx complications, such as primary graft dysfunction, complicates its diagnosis and management. This systematic review aims to characterize the incidence, pathophysiology, presentation, and management of MR in LTx patients. We conducted a literature search in PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase. The search yielded 133 studies, of which 11 were included. Data regarding MR development, clinical presentation, echocardiographic findings, and management strategies were extracted and analyzed. Perioperative MR, occurring during or immediately post-LTx, was frequently attributed to the systolic anterior motion of the mitral valve (MV) occurring in the setting of hypovolemia and/or inotrope usage. Later postoperative MR, on the other hand, was associated with reverse ventricular remodeling and mitral annular dilation, although some variability in the literature was present. Preexisting MR or ventricular dysfunction, elongated MV leaflets, and bilateral LTx procedure appeared to be risk factors for MR development. Management was dependent on the timing of MR and its pathophysiology, where systolic anterior motion–related MR was treated with medical therapy, whereas postoperative MR often required MV interventions. In conclusion, the diagnosis of MR in LTx patients is complicated by its symptomatic overlap with other post-LTx complications. Echocardiographic monitoring in patients with preexisting MR, regardless of severity, is essential for early identification and management. Further research is needed to better understand the underlying mechanisms and refine management strategies for MR in this population.

Aortic stenosis is a progressive condition with substantial implications for morbidity and mortality. In recent years, attention has shifted toward risk stratification and the development of individualized management plans to optimize treatment outcomes. The management of asymptomatic patients has become a topic of significant controversy, as emerging studies challenge traditional watchful waiting guidelines and propose the potential benefits of early intervention. While early intervention may reduce overall morbidity and mortality in this patient population, the associated procedural risks remain a critical consideration. This review seeks to analyze the existing literature, offering an updated perspective on patient risk stratification and evidence evaluating both management approaches.

Bioprosthetic aortic valve degeneration (BAVD) is a significant clinical concern following both transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) and surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). The increasing use of bioprosthetic valves in aortic valve replacement in younger patients and the subsequent rise in cases of BAVD are acknowledged in this review which aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the incidence, diagnosis, predictors, and management of BAVD. Based on a thorough review of the existing literature, this article provides an updated overview of the biological mechanisms underlying valve degeneration, including calcification, structural deterioration, and inflammatory processes and addresses the various risk factors contributing to BAVD, such as patient demographics, comorbidities, and procedural variables. The difficulties in early detection and accurate diagnosis of BAVD are discussed with an emphasis on the need for improved imaging techniques. The incidence and progression of BAVD in patients undergoing TAVR versus SAVR are compared, providing insights into the differences and similarities between the two procedures and procedural impacts on valve longevity. The current strategies for managing BAVD, including re-intervention options of redo surgery and valve-in-valve TAVR, along with emerging treatments are discussed. The controversies in the existing literature are highlighted to offer directions for future investigations to enhance the understanding and management of BAVD.