Citations

Abstract Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offer significant therapeutic potential, but traditional 2D culture on rigid substrates results in progressive cell enlargement and senescence, reducing proliferative capacity and therapeutic potency. This poses a major challenge for widespread clinical application. We explored a novel strategy for placenta-derived MSCs combining 2D expansion with 3D spheroid culture to address these limitations. Our research shows that culturing MSCs as 3D spheroids significantly reduces individual cell size and size distribution compared to 2D culture. Spheroid formation is feasible in chemically defined media with minimal cell death, and is enhanced by extracellular matrix protein supplementation. Although MSCs do not proliferate in 3D suspension, an alternating 2D/3D culture protocol, transitioning cells between 2D flasks and 3D spheroids after each passage, effectively slows MSC enlargement and senescence over long periods. This alternating method also preserves MSC immunomodulatory function, unlike continuous 2D culture which leads to its loss. For scalability, we developed an RGD-functionalized alginate hydrogel tube (AlgTube) system that mimics this alternating environment, supporting both adherent growth and chemically triggered spheroid formation. This alternating 2D/3D culture strategy and the scalable AlgTube platform provide a foundation for developing next-generation MSC manufacturing technologies to meet future clinical demands.

RBFOX1 is an RNA-binding protein that regulates alternative splicing and RNA processing in the neurons, skeletal muscle, and heart. We intended to define the role of RBFOX1 in regulating calcium homeostasis to maintain normal cardiac function. We generated cardiomyocyte-specific Rbfox1 gene-deletion mice (cKO). The cardiomyocyte-specific deletion of RBFOX1 was confirmed by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. The cKO mice showed mild hypertrophy and depressed cardiac function under homeostatic conditions, which did not deteriorate with age. Pressure overload by trans-aortic constriction (TAC) caused exaggerated cardiac hypertrophy and accelerated heart failure in cKO compared with wild-type mice. We performed Western blotting to assess the expression of important Ca2+-handling proteins, which showed alterations in the phosphorylation of PLN and CAMKII and decreased expression of SERCA2. We measured the Ca2+ dynamics and noted significantly delayed Ca2+ reuptake into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Importantly, the decrease in SERCA2 expression was not due to reduced mRNA expression or altered splicing. To assess the possibility of the post-transcriptional regulation of SERCA2 expression by RBFOX1, we performed RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP), which showed the binding of RBFOX1 protein to Serca2 mRNA, which was confirmed in luciferase assays with the Serca2a 3′-untranslated region fused to luciferase. Finally, we performed a puromycin incorporation experiment, which showed that RBFOX1 enhances SERCA2 protein translation. Our results show that RBFOX1 plays a crucial role in regulating the expression of Ca2+-handling genes to maintain normal cardiac function. We show an important post-transcriptional role of RBFOX1 in regulating SERCA2 expression.

Abstract Porous nanofibrous microspheres (PNMs) present a versatile and minimally invasive strategy for tissue regeneration, combining biomimetic morphology, tunable structure, and injectability. While self‐assembly and co‐axial electrospray are explored for PNM fabrication, these methods are limited in compositional versatility and production scalability. Here, a 3D‐printed microfluidic platform is presented that enables large‐scale fabrication of PNMs with precise control over size, pore architecture, and morphology. PNMs can be functionalized with bioactive molecules through UV crosslinking, enhancing their regenerative potential by promoting osteogenesis in human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSCs), angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and exerting anti‐inflammatory effects on macrophages. Subcutaneous implantation in rats demonstrates that PNMs support cell infiltration, minimize fibrosis, and facilitate tissue integration, achieving complete cell penetration and tissue incorporation within 14 days. These findings establish PNMs as versatile, scalable, and customizable platforms, ideal for applications as injectable drugs or cell carriers, as well as powders, offering promising solutions for wound healing and tissue regeneration.

Acute atrial ischemia is a well-known cause of postoperative atrial fibrillation (POAF). However, mechanisms through which ischemia contributes to the development of POAF are not well understood. In this study, ex vivo Langendorff perfusion was used to induce acute ischemia/reperfusion in the heart to mimic POAF. Inducibility of atrial fibrillation (AF) was evaluated using programmed electrical stimulation and verified with open-atrium optical mapping. Compared with the control group without ischemia, 25 minutes of ischemia substantially increased the incidence of AF. The right atrium was more susceptible to AF than the left atrium. Administering insulin for 30 minutes before ischemia and during reperfusion with 25 minutes of ischemia greatly reduced the vulnerability to AF. However, insulin treatment during reperfusion only did not show substantial benefits against AF. Optical mapping studies showed that insulin mitigated ischemia-induced abnormal electrophysiology, including shortened action potential duration and effective refractory period, slowed conduction velocity, increased conduction heterogeneity, and altered calcium transients. In conclusion, insulin reduced the risk of acute ischemia/reperfusion–induced AF via improving the electrophysiology and calcium handling of atrial cardiomyocytes, which provides a potential therapy for POAF.

Heart disease continues to be the leading cause of death globally, even with the development and implementation of numerous pharmacological and surgical treatments. Transplanting cardiomyocytes derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC-CMs) shows potential for repairing heart damage. However, tracking and quantifying these cells after transplantation in large animals remains challenging. This study aimed to develop a hiPSC line that overexpresses ferritin heavy chain (FHC) to enable tracking of transplanted hiPSC-CMs via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Using the CRISPR/dCas9 activation system, we increased FHC expression in hiPSCs and hiPSC-CMs. Both mRNA and protein levels of FHC were significantly elevated following transfection. Cell viability was unaffected by iron chloride concentrations between 0 μM and 2000 μM. hiPSCs and hiPSC-CMs overexpressing FHC (hiPSC-FHC OE and hiPSC-CM-FHC OE ) showed enhanced iron chloride uptake without changes in their electrophysiological properties compared to control hiPSC-CMs. Additionally, hiPSC-CM-FHCOE cells provided strong contrast and lower T 2 * values, indicating their effectiveness for cardiac MRI. When hiPSC-CM-FHCOE cells were injected into mouse hearts and imaged three days later, MRI revealed distinct signals from these cells with lower T 2 * values and rapid signal decay. Overall, endogenous FHC labeling in hiPSC-CMs could significantly improve the precision of cardiac MRI, marking a crucial advancement in assessing the success of hiPSC-CM transplantation in large animal models and enhancing cardiac regenerative therapies.

Background: Doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cardiotoxicity (DICT) has become a serious health burden for cancer survivors. The detrimental effects of CXCR4-mediated excessive inflammation in myocardium and the protective effects of CXCR7 in cardiomyocytes have been demonstrated. Aims: We tested the protective effects against DICT of a dual-targeting compound TC14012, which has specific antagonistic activity against CXCR4 and potent agonistic activity on CXCR7. Methods: Eight-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were injected with DOX for consecutive 5 weeks, during which mice were treated with TC14012 twice a week. One week after the last dose injection, mice were euthanized after heart function examination. Markers of cardiac inflammation and fibrosis were evaluated. Cardiac RNA-seq was performed to explore the underlying molecular pathways. Key findings: TC14012 supplement significantly prevented DOX-induced cardiac systolic dysfunction, reflected by improved ejection fraction and fraction shortening, along with remarkable attenuation of DOX-induced cardiac perivascular and interstitial collagen deposition and neutrophils and macrophage infiltration. RNA-seq revealed that TC14012 prevention of DICT was accompanied with a remarkable stimulation of signals involving in cardiac contraction and energy reserve metabolic process, particularly glycogen and glucan metabolism that are crucial for meeting the cardiac energy demand in response to DOX induction. These signals could be further enriched into AMPK signaling pathway and validated by upregulation of AMPK phosphorylation. Besides, TC14012 prevention of DICT was accompanied with a significant reduction in cardiac mast cell activation and degranulation. These signals could be further enriched into Rap1 signaling pathway, and TC14012 was validated to inhibit Rap1 activity and mast cell activation. Most importantly, TC14012 treatment did not affect the suppressive effects of DOX on tumor growth in a syngeneic EL4 lymphoma-bearing, immunocompetent mouse model. Conclusions: We preliminary conclude that TC14012 prevents DICT by activating cardiac CXCR7 to reprogram cardiomyocyte metabolism and prevent cardiac damage and dysfunction via activating AMPK, and by antagonizing CXCR4 to inhibit cardiac mast cell infiltration and activation via blunting Rap1 activity but does not affect the anti-tumor activity of DOX.

Introduction: Neonatal pig hearts exhibit remarkable regenerative capacity within two days post-birth. In this study, we propose that a comprehensive multiomics analysis encompassing circRNA, miRNA, and mRNA data from neonatal mouse hearts can unveil intricate circRNA-miRNA-mRNA relationships associated with cardiac regeneration. Our aim is to identify new novel circRNAs and miRNAs implicated in cardiomyocyte proliferation through leveraging multiomics analysis. Methods: Utilizing neonatal mouse hearts, we conducted circRNA, miRNA, and mRNA sequencing across four different postnatal days (P1, P3, P7, and P28; n=6, encompassing both males and females). We employed integrative bioinformatics analyses across distinct experimental designs (P1 vs P3, P1 vs P7, and P1 vs P28). Back splice junctions generated by CIRCexplorer2’s parse command was utilized to annotate sequenced circRNAs as known or novel. Validation of circRNA, miRNA, and mRNA expression levels was achieved through qRT-PCR, while protein expression levels were assessed via western blotting. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technology was employed to determine circRNA localization. The functional significance of key genes involved in cardiomyocyte proliferation was assessed via siRNA-mediated knockdown of circRNAs and miRNAs, accompanied by cell cycle assessment using bioluminescence assay and immunostaining. Results: Intersection of differentially expressed target genes from circRNA, miRNA, and mRNA analyses at each experimental design facilitated the construction of circRNA-miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks, aiding in the development of cardiac regeneration-related regulatory networks and inference of novel relationships between circRNA, miRNA, and mRNA. Integrative bioinformatics analysis revealed significant alterations in circRNA-miRNA-mRNA expression profiles during postnatal cardiomyocyte maturation in mice. Pathway enrichment analysis identified several differentially expressed circRNAs enriched in cell division and proliferation-related pathways. qPCR and cell cycle studies identified 17 potential circRNAs associated with cardiomyocyte proliferation in mice, with knockdown of these circRNAs significantly impacting cardiomyocyte cell cycle. Conclusion: Our findings suggest a crucial role for circRNAs in the regulation of neonatal myocardial regeneration.

BACKGROUND: Apelin is an endogenous prepropeptide that regulates cardiac homeostasis and various physiological processes. Intravenous injection has been shown to improve cardiac contractility in patients with heart failure. However, its short half-life prevents studying its impact on left ventricular remodeling in the long term. Here, we aim to study whether microparticle-mediated slow release of apelin improves heart function and left ventricular remodeling in mice with myocardial infarction (MI). METHODS: A cardiac patch was fabricated by embedding apelin-containing microparticles in a fibrin gel scaffold. MI was induced via permanent ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery in adult C57BL/6J mice followed by epicardial patch placement immediately after (acute MI) or 28 days (chronic MI) post-MI. Four groups were included in this study, namely sham, MI, MI plus empty microparticle-embedded patch treatment, and MI plus apelin-containing microparticle-embedded patch treatment. Cardiac function was assessed by transthoracic echocardiography. Cardiomyocyte morphology, apoptosis, and cardiac fibrosis were evaluated by histology. Cardioprotective pathways were determined by RNA sequencing, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot. RESULTS: The level of endogenous apelin was largely reduced in the first 7 days after MI induction and it was normalized by day 28. Apelin-13 encapsulated in poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles displayed a sustained release pattern for up to 28 days. Treatment with apelin-containing microparticle-embedded patch inhibited cardiac hypertrophy and reduced scar size in both acute and chronic MI models, which is associated with improved cardiac function. Data from cellular and molecular analyses showed that apelin inhibits the activation and proliferation of cardiac fibroblasts by preventing transforming growth factor-β–mediated activation of Smad2/3 (supporessor of mothers against decapentaplegic 2/3) and downstream profibrotic gene expression. CONCLUSIONS: Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microparticles prolonged the apelin release time in the mouse hearts. Epicardial delivery of the apelin-containing microparticle-embedded patch protects mice from both acute and chronic MI-induced cardiac dysfunction, inhibits cardiac fibrosis, and improves left ventricular remodeling.

Aging is a prominent risk factor for numerous chronic diseases. Understanding the shared mechanisms of aging can aid in pinpointing therapeutic targets for age-related disorders. Chronic inflammation has emerged as a pivotal mediator of aging and a determinant in various age-related chronic conditions. Recent findings indicate that C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 and receptor 2 (CCL2-CCR2) signaling, an important physiological modulator in innate immune response and inflammatory defense, plays a crucial role in aging-related disorders and is increasingly recognized as a promising therapeutic target, highlighting its significance. This review summarizes recent advances in the investigation of CCL2-CCR2 signaling in cardiovascular and neural aging, as well as in various aging-related disorders. It also explores the underlying mechanisms and therapeutic potentials in these contexts. These insights aim to deepen our understanding of aging pathophysiology and the development of aging-related diseases.

Little is known about the expression patterns and functions of circular RNAs (circRNAs) in the heart of large mammals. In this study, we examined the expression profiles of circRNAs, microRNAs (miRNAs), and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in neonatal pig hearts. Pig heart samples collected on postnatal days 1 (P1), 3 (P3), 7 (P7), and 28 (P28) were sent for total RNA sequencing. Our data revealed a total of 7,000 circRNAs in the 24 pig hearts. Pathway enrichment analysis of hallmark gene sets demonstrated that differentially expressed circRNAs were engaged in different pathways. The most significant difference was observed between P1 and the other 3 groups (P3, P7, and P28) in pathways related to cell cycle and muscle development. Out of the 10 circRNAs that were validated through real-time quantitative PCR to verify their expression, 6 exhibited significant effects on cell cycle activity in human induced pluripotent stem cell–derived cardiomyocytes following small interfering RNA–mediated knockdown. circRNA-miRNA-mRNA networks were constructed to understand the potential mechanisms of circRNAs in the heart. In conclusion, our study provided a data set for exploring the roles of circRNAs in pig hearts. In addition, we identified several circRNAs that regulate cardiomyocyte cell cycle.