Citations

AbstractIntroductionPatients with apical myocardial infarction are at higher risk of developing left ventricular (LV) thrombi. Standard transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is commonly used in assessing cardiac source of embolic cerebrovascular accident (CVA). Contrast‐enhanced transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) improves sensitivity for thrombus detection compared with noncontrast TTE, and however for LV apical thrombi, contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and/or contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CT) outperform both TTE and TEE in some studies.CaseA 67‐year‐old man with history of prior myocardial infarction (MI), four‐vessel coronary artery bypass surgery, congestive heart failure with LV ejection fraction of 30%, and diabetes mellitus presented to our facility with acute right occipital‐parietal stroke and recent history of left lower extremity ischemia. Head and neck MRI and MR angiography found multiple posterior circulation infarcts suggestive of cardio‐embolic etiology. TTE image quality was suboptimal even after contrast use to evaluate for LV thrombus, and due to renal insufficiency, MRI or CT was precluded and 3DTEE identified large LV apical thrombus with mobile components.Conclusion3DTEE may increase the detection of LV apical thrombi as well as evaluating its characteristics by live imaging as well as by offline reconstruction. TEE may be a useful diagnostic modality, especially in patients with decreased renal function, where iodinated contrast for cardiac CT or Gadolinium for MRI may be contraindicated. Multimodality imaging studies may further prove the utility of 3D echocardiographic imaging in the detection of LV apical thrombus.

Background: In women with low to intermediate risk of coronary artery disease (CAD), prognostic detection strategies have been controversial. We present the follow-up data of the SMART trial in peri/postmenopausal women at low to intermediate risk of CAD. Objectives: To determine the value of contrast stress echocardiography (CSE), stress electrocardiogram (sECG), and serum biomarkers for prediction of cardiovascular events (CE) in peri/postmenopausal women at low to intermediate risk of CAD. Materials and Methods: From January 2004 to August 2007, 400 peri/postmenopausal women were prospectively enrolled. All women had detailed risk factor assessment, and underwent simultaneous CSE (Definity ® , Lantheus Medical Imaging) and sECG. Laboratories included brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), atrial natriuretic peptide, endothelin, and high sensitivity C-reactive protein. Wall motion score index was based on a 16-segment model. Abnormal CSE was defined as new or worsening wall motion abnormality at stress, while abnormal sECG was ≥1 mm horizontal/downsloping ST segment depression/elevation (80 mseconds duration). Self-reported outcome data were collected from a mailed Women's Heart Clinic Questionnaire. CE outcomes included all-cause mortality, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), heart failure, chest pain hospitalization or development of typical angina (CP), and revascularization (REVASC). Adjusted Cox proportional hazard ratios (HR; 95% confidence intervals) were reported. Results: A total of 366 women (54.4 ± 5.5 years, Framingham risk 6.5% ± 4.4%) completed simultaneous CSE and sECG. Forty-two (11.5%) had abnormal CSE, while sECG was abnormal in 22 (6%) women. Follow-up (4.4 ± 1.2 years) was available in 315/366 (86%) women (78% exercise-CSE, 22% dobutamine-CSE). In those who completed follow-up, CSE was abnormal in 33 women (10.5%) and sECG was abnormal in 21 (6.7%). In 33 women with abnormal CSE, sECG was abnormal in 7 (21.2%) and normal in 26 (79%), p = 0.0004. CE occurred in 27 (8.6%) women: 8 all-cause mortality, 2 nonfatal MI, 13 CP, and 4 REVASC. CE occurred in 21% versus 7% of women with abnormal versus normal CSE, p = 0.014 and 38% versus 6% of women with abnormal versus normal sECG, p < 0.0001. Rest BNP was higher in women with CE versus those without ( p = 0.018). Abnormal sECG and abnormal CSE were associated with CE, while only abnormal sECG was an independent predictor of CE (adjusted HR 10.3 [1.9–61.4], p = 0.007). Of the laboratory results, only BNP was associated with CE (adjusted HR 2.9 [1.1–7.3], p = 0.028). Conclusions: sECG and rest BNP were independent predictors of subsequent CE within 5 years in peri/postmenopausal women at low to intermediate risk of CAD.

Introduction: We aim to describe changes in exercise habits and barriers to physical activity over 5 years in menopausal women at low–intermediate risk for cardiovascular disease. Materials and Methods: Women in the Stress Echocardiography in Menopausal Women at Risk for Coronary Artery Disease trial were prospectively enrolled in a multisite study from 2004 to 2007. Inclusion criteria were as follows: peri- and postmenopausal women with symptoms and/or risk factors for cardiovascular disease resulting in referral for stress echocardiography. A questionnaire, which assessed details of medical history, physical activity, and body mass index (BMI), was administered at baseline and 5 years. Results: 216 menopausal women (62.5% hypertensive, 15.3% diabetic, 52.3% prior or current smokers) were studied. At baseline, age was 54.9 ± 4.8 years, BMI was 30.7 ± 6.4 kg/m 2 , and Framingham risk score was 4.05% ± 3.76%. One hundred women (46.3%) were obese, 79 (36.6%) overweight, and 37 (17.1%) had a normal BMI. Women changed their self-reported aerobic exercise patterns in similar patterns regardless of their BMI at baseline. There was low participation in strength training among all women. Mean BMI decreased by 0.12 kg/m 2 in obese women and increased by 1.63 kg/m 2 in normal BMI women at 5 years ( p < 0.0001). Conclusion: These data suggest that women can increase their level of physical activity regardless of BMI and that overweight or obese status is not a barrier to initiating an aerobic, nonaerobic, or strength training exercise routine.

ABSTRACTPurposeWe aimed to explore the hypothesis that early subclinical cardiac chamber dysfunction secondary to tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma could be signaled by abnormal cardiac mechanics demonstrated by velocity vector imaging.MethodsEchocardiographic images were acquired from the apical views in 23 metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients. All patients had baseline and at least a 3‐month follow‐up echocardiogram after receiving TKI therapy. Subendocardial borders of all the cardiac chambers were traced to obtain volumetric and deformation indices.ResultsMean age was 67 ± 9 years with 92% men. The right ventricle peak systolic global longitudinal strain (GLɛ) and strain rate were significantly lower after TKIs (−23.49 ± 5.1 versus −19.81 ± 5.5, p = 0.002 and −1.52 ± 0.52 versus −1.24 ± 0.35 p = 0.02, respectively). LV GLɛ was not statistically different. Volumetric and deformation indices showed a minimal decrease of the right atrium reservoir and conduit functions, and no significant changes of left atrial function.ConclusionsThe right heart exhibited greater strain changes than the left heart after TKI treatment. The implications of these findings and their potential significance warrant further work. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 44:221–230, 2016

BackgroundThe development of a left ventricular (LV) apical pouch in patients with apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (aHCM) has been thought to be the transition point that can become an apical aneurysm, which is linked to higher risk of adverse events. In our study, we sought to compare the ability of transthoracic echocardiography (echo) and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) to accurately identify the presence of an apical pouch or aneurysm in patients with aHCM.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the charts of all consecutive patients that had features of aHCM on imaging. Data from cMRI and echo examinations were abstracted, and the ability of these diagnostic modalities to identify the presence of a LV apical pouch and aneurysm was analyzed.ResultsOf 31 patients with aHCM, 17 (54.8%) had an apical pouch and 2 were found to have apical aneurysm (6.5%) on cMRI. Echo with and without perflutren contrast was able to accurately identify both aneurysms, but only 47.1% (8/17) of apical pouches seen by cMRI. Two patients had apical thrombus that was identified by cMRI, but not by echo.ConclusionOur findings indicate that cMRI is superior to echo in identifying apical pouches in patients with aHCM. Our results also suggest that in patients undergoing echo, the use of perflutren contrast for LV opacification increases the diagnostic yield. Further study is necessary to delineate whether earlier identification of an apical pouch will be of clinical benefit for patients with aHCM by altering clinical management and avoiding adverse cardiovascular events.

BackgroundTrastuzumab has substantially improved overall survival and reduced the risk of disease recurrence in patients with human epidermal growth factor receptor type II (HER‐II)–positive breast cancer. However, this benefit may be at the increased risk of cardiotoxicity. We aimed to explore the early subclinical left and right ventricular as well as atrial dysfunction, in trastuzumab‐treated patients with HER‐II–positive breast cancer, using velocity vector imaging.MethodsEchocardiography images were acquired in 50 patients with HER‐II–positive breast cancer undergoing trastuzumab therapy. All patients had baseline and 3–6 months and 12–15 months of follow‐up echocardiograms after initiation of trastuzumab therapy. Subendocardial borders of all the cardiac chambers were traced from the apical views to obtain volumetric and deformation indices.ResultsMean age was 60 ± 13 years. Left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction as well as conventional indices of right ventricular (RV) function did not change with trastuzumab. The RV peak systolic global longitudinal strain (GLε) significantly decreased (−24.53 ± 6.03 vs. −21.28 ± 5.11 vs. −21.84 ± 5.15, baseline vs. first and second follow‐ups, P = 0.01). LV peak systolic GLε was reduced by 1.19 at early follow‐up (P < 0.05). Left atrial reservoir and booster pump functions as well as right atrial reservoir function were reduced through follow‐up as well.ConclusionsThe RV exhibited greater change in strain after trastuzumab treatment when compared to the LV. Atria function was reduced by trastuzumab as well. The repercussion of these findings and their potential implication will warrant further study.

The authors describe transient apical thickening mimicking apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy following apical ballooning syndrome. These findings are observed on multimodality cardiac imaging and appear to constitute a novel entity. Possible pathophysiologic mechanisms are explored.

ObjectiveTo demonstrate that a distinct group of patients with Grade Ia diastolic dysfunction who do not conform to present ASE/ESE diastolic grading exists.Method and ResultsEchocardiographic and demographic data of the Grade Ia diastolic dysfunction were extracted and compared with that of Grades I and II in 515 patients. The mean of age of the cohort was 75 ± 9 years and body mass index did not differ significantly between the 3 groups (P = 0.45). Measurements of left atrial volume index (28.58 ± 7 mL/m2 in I, 33 ± 10 mL/m2 in Ia, and 39 ± 12 mL/m2 in II P < 0.001), isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT) (100 ± 17 msec in I, 103 ± 21 msec in Ia, and 79 ± 15 msec in II P < 0.001), deceleration time (248 ± 52 msec in I, 263 ± 58 msec in Ia, and 217 ± 57 msec in II P < 0.001), medial E/e′ (10 ± 3 in I, 18 ± 5.00 in Ia, and 22 ± 8 in II), and lateral E/e′ (8 ± 3 in I, 15 ± 6 in Ia, and 18 ± 9 in II P < 0.001) were significantly different in grade Ia compared with I and II. These findings remained significant even after adjusting for age, gender, diabetes, and smoking.ConclusionPatients with echocardiographic characteristics of relaxation abnormality (E/A ratio of <0.8) and elevated filling pressures (septal E/e′ ≥15, lateral E/e′ ≥12, average E/e′ ≥13) should be graded as a separate Grade Ia group.

Background: Cardiovascular (CV) disease is the leading cause of death in U.S. women. Although women are becoming more aware of CV disease, there remains a dichotomy between awareness and perceived risk. We sought to characterize this dichotomy in women attracted to a CV health–screening event, in order to improve strategies to reduce CV risk. Methods: During CV health events held in Rochester, Minnesota, from 2007 through 2011, 294 women underwent screening for blood chemistry, body mass index, and blood pressure. Participants also completed surveys about knowledge of CV disease, risk factors, and perceived risk. Risk level was determined from the 2011 American Heart Association Effectiveness-Based Guidelines for Women. Results: Among participants (age, mean [standard deviation], 53 [15.3] years; white, 98%), 99% were aware that CV disease is the leading cause of death in women. Almost half (47%) perceived themselves to be at personal risk, although 65% were determined to be “at risk” and 12% to be at “high risk” according to guidelines, while 22% were uncategorized. Of the 228 participants “at risk” or “high risk,” 48% and 21%, respectively, did not perceive themselves to be at any risk. Conclusions : Women attracted to CV health events were aware that CV disease is the leading cause of death for women. However, the magnitude of awareness did not directly translate into perception or understanding of actual personal risk. To decrease the rate of CV disease in women, continued efforts are needed to personalize the importance of, and the methods for reducing, CV risk factors.

Primary Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection occurs mainly in adolescents and young adults, with more than 90% of adults having serological evidence of past infection. Primary infection in those over the age of 40 is associated with an atypical and often more severe presentation that can lead to more extensive and invasive, and often unnecessary, diagnostic testing. The incidence of severe EBV-related illness in older adults has been observed to be increasing in industrialized nations. The characteristic presentation of infectious mononucleosis (IM) syndrome in elderly patients (age > 65) is not clearly defined in the literature. Here, we describe a case of primary EBV infection in an 80-year-old female and review the literature regarding primary seroconversion in elderly patients.