Citations

ABSTRACT Aim Intrinsic renal sodium avidity (IRSA) is a hallmark feature of acute heart failure (AHF) and can be measured by evaluating the urinary sodium (UNa) concentration. The aim of this study is to assess the role of measuring IRSA through a random Una‐sample and its association with decongestive response. Methods and results A post‐hoc analysis of the ROSE‐AHF trial was performed in all patients with a random UNa spot sample before randomization ( n = 339/360). Patients were categorized according to tertiles of UNa as high (range 19–40 mmol/L), intermediate (range 41–68 mmol/L), or low (range 69–139 mmol/L) IRSA. Linear mixed effect models and ANCOVA were used to assess the relation with decongestive effectiveness measured by: (i) weight change, (ii) visual analogue scale (VAS) improvement, (iii) N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) change, (iv) natriuretic response (UNa in mmol/L), (v) 72 h natriuresis (mmol), (vi) oedema resolution, and (vii) length of stay. High IRSA patients had less improvement in decongestive metrics, including weight loss ( p = 0.028), VAS improvement, NT‐proBNP decrease, natriuretic response ( p ‐time interaction <0.001 for all), had lower total natriuresis (high IRSA 438 ± 141 mmol, intermediate IRSA 526 ± 320 mmol, and low IRSA 603 ± 276 mmol; p < 0.001), exhibited more oedema at 72 h ( p = 0.005), and had a longer length of stay ( p = 0.015). Incremental loop diuretic dose titration (± 4 times home dose) after >24 h, resulted in an increase in natriuretic response in the high IRSA group, however cumulative natriuresis still remained lower at 72 h ( p < 0.001). Longitudinal UNa profiling of patients with low IRSA showed physiologic breaking in the UNa pattern, associated with attaining decongestion and slight increase in creatinine and cystatin C, forming a potential signal of complete decongestion. Conclusions A simple random UNa sample at the time of AHF, gives insight into IRSA which is consistently associated with decongestive effectiveness across multiple metrics, offering an opportunity for early AHF care improvement.

Abstract Aims Obesity is a risk factor for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), particularly in women, but the mechanisms remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the impact of central adiposity in patients with HFpEF and explore potential sex differences. Methods and results A total of 124 women and 105 men with HFpEF underwent invasive haemodynamic exercise testing and rest echocardiography. Central obesity was defined as a waist circumference (WC) ≥88 cm for women and ≥102 cm for men. Exercise‐normalized pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) responses were evaluated by the ratio of PCWP to workload (PCWP/W) and after normalizing to body weight (PCWL). The prevalence of central obesity (77%) exceeded that of general obesity (62%) defined by body mass index ≥30 kg/m 2 . Compared to patients without central adiposity, patients with HFpEF and central obesity displayed greater prevalence of diabetes and dyslipidaemia, higher right and left heart filling pressures and pulmonary artery pressures during exertion, and more severely reduced aerobic capacity. Associations between WC and fasting glucose, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, peak workload, and pulmonary artery pressures were observed in women but not in men with HFpEF. Although increased WC was associated with elevated PCWP in both sexes, the association with PCWP/W was observed in women but not in men. The strength of correlation between PCWP/W and WC was more robust in women with HFpEF as compared to men (Meng's test p = 0.0008), and a significant sex interaction was observed in the relationship between PCWL and WC ( p for interaction = 0.02). Conclusions Central obesity is even more common than general obesity in HFpEF, and there appear to be important sexual dimorphisms in its relationships with metabolic abnormalities and haemodynamic perturbations, with greater impact in women.

Abstract Aims Pulmonary hypertension (PH) and pulmonary vascular disease (PVD) are common and associated with adverse outcomes in left heart disease (LHD). This study sought to characterize the pathophysiology of PVD across the spectrum of PH in LHD. Methods and results Patients with PH-LHD [mean pulmonary artery (PA) pressure &gt;20 mmHg and PA wedge pressure (PAWP) ≥15 mmHg] and controls free of PH or LHD underwent invasive haemodynamic exercise testing with simultaneous echocardiography, expired air and blood gas analysis, and lung ultrasound in a prospective study. Patients with PH-LHD were divided into isolated post-capillary PH (IpcPH) and PVD [combined post- and pre-capillary PH (CpcPH)] based upon pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR &lt;3.0 or ≥3.0 WU). As compared with controls (n = 69) and IpcPH-LHD (n = 55), participants with CpcPH-LHD (n = 40) displayed poorer left atrial function and more severe right ventricular (RV) dysfunction at rest. With exercise, patients with CpcPH-LHD displayed similar PAWP to IpcPH-LHD, but more severe RV–PA uncoupling, greater ventricular interaction, and more severe impairments in cardiac output, O2 delivery, and peak O2 consumption. Despite higher PVR, participants with CpcPH developed more severe lung congestion compared with both IpcPH-LHD and controls, which was associated lower arterial O2 tension, reduced alveolar ventilation, decreased pulmonary O2 diffusion, and greater ventilation-perfusion mismatch. Conclusions Pulmonary vascular disease in LHD is associated with a distinct pathophysiologic signature marked by greater exercise-induced lung congestion, arterial hypoxaemia, RV–PA uncoupling, ventricular interdependence, and impairment in O2 delivery, impairing aerobic capacity. Further study is required to identify novel treatments targeting the pulmonary vasculature in PH-LHD.

Introduction: Obesity is common in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and is directly linked with lower levels of physical activity (PA). Visceral adiposity (VAT) is more common in HFpEF than controls and may play a role in its pathogenesis, characterized by impaired exercise capacity (peak VO 2 ). The direct relationship between VAT and PA in HFpEF is unknown. Hypothesis: Compared to controls, HFpEF patients will have excess regional adiposity (VAT, subcutaneous (SAT), and intramuscular (IMAT)), and these fat depots will be associated with lower levels of chronic physical activity. Methods: HFpEF patients (n=51; age 70±9) and non-HFpEF controls (n=49; age 65±5) prospectively underwent body composition measurement by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging. Peak VO 2 was measured by standard cardiopulmonary exercise testing. PA was monitored continuously via accelerometry over two weeks. Data were binned in arbitrary accelerometry units, averaged and stored in 30-second epochs (counts per epoch, CPE). Models were adjusted for age, sex, and ideal body weight. Results: HFpEF were less active overall (3.15±0.80 vs 3.59±0.73 CPE), had less moderate intensity PA (10.13±0.04 vs 10.15±0.03 CPE), and less morning (3.83±1.15 vs 4.24±1.09 CPE) and afternoon (3.84± 1.20 vs 4.53± 0.97 CPE) (p<0.05 for all) PA. Patients with HFpEF spent a greater proportion of time sedentary (0.71±0.08 vs 0.67±0.08 CPE) and less time in moderate (0.04±0.03 vs 0.06±0.03 CPE) and vigorous (0.02±0.01 vs 0.03±0.03 CPE) PA (p<0.01 for all). Chronic PA was significantly associated with regional fat depots (VAT β= -0.003, 95% CI: -0.004-0.001; SAT β= -0.003, 95%CI: -0.004-0.001; IMAT β=-0.02, 95% CI: -0.04—0.01) as a combined cohort (p<0.01 for all). Muscle quality (β=0.28, 95%CI: 0.15-0.40), peak VO 2 (β=0.08, 95% CI: 0.03-0.13), and peak watts (β=0.01, 95% CI: -0.004-0.02) were associated with PA in HFpEF only (p≤0.01 for all). Conclusions: The amount and pattern of PA differs between HFpEF and controls, as do relationships between regional fat depots and PA, and the relationship of PA and peak VO 2 . Further investigation is needed to better understand the temporality and mechanisms related to the pathophysiology and severity of HFpEF.

Introduction: Obesity is prevalent in HFpEF, a syndrome that disproportionality affects women, and is associated with poor exercise tolerance (VO 2 ), reduced quality of life, and greater symptoms. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT), more than general obesity, is related to metabolic and cardiovascular dysfunction common to HFpEF. While fat deposition varies between sexes, these differences and the relation to exercise tolerance remain unclear in HFpEF. Hypothesis: Compared to sex-matched controls, HFpEF patients will demonstrate reduced lean mass, excess VAT, subcutaneous, visceral, and intramuscular fat, and will be associated with reduced VO 2 . Methods: HFpEF females (F) and males (M) (n=78; 37 F/41 M; age 70±9) and non-HFpEF controls (n=50; 30 F/20 M; age 65±5) prospectively underwent body composition measurement via dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and cardiopulmonary exercise testing for measurement of peak oxygen consumption (peak VO 2 ). Muscle quality calculated as peak Watts (W) achieved divided by MRI thigh lean mass. Results: HFpEF had greater VAT, subcutaneous (SAT) and intramuscular (IMAT), and poorer muscle quality than controls (all p<0.01). Exercise performance was lower in HFpEF (peak VO 2 : 14±4 vs. 22±6; peak W: 69±29 vs. 116±34; both p<0.01). HFpEF demonstrated increased odds for VAT (OR: 2.02, 95% CI: 1.22-3.37), SAT (OR: 2.05, 95% CI: 1.20-3.49), and IMAT (OR: 2.04, 95% CI: 1.35-3.39) (all p<0.01). Sex-stratification revealed increased odds of excess VAT in HFpEF females (OR: 2.76, 95% CI: 1.16-7.72, p=0.03), SAT in HFpEF males (OR: 3.64, 95% CI: 1.10-12.07, p=0.03), and IMAT in HFpEF females (OR: 2.38, 95%CI: 1.10-5.29, p=0.03) with a trend in males (OR: 1.67, 95%CI: 0.97-2.86, p=0.06). Impaired VO 2 was associated with all AT depots as a combined cohort and among controls (all p<0.01) and linked to poor muscle quality individually for men and women in HFpEF and controls (all p<0.01). Conclusion: HFpEF patients have significantly altered body composition profiles and reduced exercise tolerance compared to controls. Sex differences in regional fat deposition impact peak VO 2 and may serve a distinct role in the pathophysiology of HFpEF.

Abstract Background A substantial proportion of patients with heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) present with normal natriuretic peptide (NP) levels. The pathophysiology and natural history for this phenotype remain unclear. Methods and results Consecutive subjects undergoing invasive cardiopulmonary exercise testing for unexplained dyspnoea at Mayo Clinic in 2006–18 were studied. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction was defined as a pulmonary arterial wedge pressure (PAWP) ≥15 mmHg (rest) or ≥25 mmHg (exercise). Patients with HFpEF and normal NP [N-terminal of the pro-hormone B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) &lt; 125 ng/L] were compared with HFpEF with high NP (NT-proBNP ≥ 125 ng/L) and controls with normal haemodynamics. Patients with HFpEF and normal (n = 157) vs. high NP (n = 263) were younger, yet older than controls (n = 161), with an intermediate comorbidity profile. Normal NP HFpEF was associated with more left ventricular hypertrophy and worse diastolic function compared with controls, but better diastolic function, lower left atrial volumes, superior right ventricular function, and less mitral/tricuspid regurgitation compared with high NP HFpEF. Cardiac output (CO) reserve with exercise was preserved in normal NP HFpEF [101% predicted, interquartile range (IQR): 75–124%], but this was achieved only at the cost of higher left ventricular transmural pressure (LVTMP) (14 ± 6 mmHg vs. 7 ± 4 mmHg in controls, P &lt; 0.001). In contrast, CO reserve was decreased in high NP HFpEF (85% predicted, IQR: 59–109%), with lower LVTMP (10 ± 8 mmHg) compared with normal NP HFpEF (P &lt; 0.001), despite similar PAWP. Patients with high NP HFpEF displayed the highest event rates, but normal NP HFpEF still had 2.7-fold higher risk for mortality or HF readmissions compared with controls (hazard ratio: 2.74, 95% confidence interval: 1.02–7.32) after adjusting for age, sex, and body mass index. Conclusion Patients with HFpEF and normal NP display mild diastolic dysfunction and preserved CO reserve during exercise, despite marked elevation in filling pressures. While clinical outcomes are not as poor compared with patients with high NP, patients with normal NP HFpEF exhibit increased risk of death or HF readmissions compared with patients without HF, emphasizing the importance of this phenotype.

Background: Left atrial (LA) myopathy is common in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction and leads to the development of atrial fibrillation (AF). We investigated whether the likelihood of LA remodeling, LA dysfunction, altered hemodynamics, and risk for incident AF could be identified from a single 12-lead ECG using a novel artificial intelligence (AI)-enabled ECG analysis. Methods: Patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (n=613) underwent AI-enabled ECG analysis, echocardiography, and cardiac catheterization. Individuals were grouped by AI-enabled ECG probability of contemporaneous AF, taken as an indicator of underlying LA myopathy. Results: Structural heart disease was more severe in patients with higher AI-probability of AF, with more left ventricular hypertrophy, larger LA volumes, and lower LA reservoir and booster strain. Cardiac filling pressures and pulmonary artery pressures were higher in patients with higher AI-probability, while cardiac output reserve was more impaired during exercise. Among patients with sinus rhythm and no prior AF, each 10% increase in AI-probability was associated with a 31% greater risk of developing new-onset AF (hazard ratio, 1.31 [95% CI, 1.20–1.42]; P <0.001). In the population as a whole, each 10% increase in AI-probability was associated with a 12% greater risk of death (hazard ratio, 1.12 [95% CI, 1.08–1.17]; P <0.001) during long-term follow-up, which was no longer significant after adjustments for baseline characteristics. Conclusions: A novel AI-enabled score derived from a single 12-lead ECG identifies the presence of underlying LA myopathy in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction as evidenced by structural, functional, and hemodynamic abnormalities, as well as long-term risk for incident AF. Further research is required to determine the role of the AI-enabled ECG in the evaluation and care of patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction.