Citations

AbstractBackgroundAn increasing demand for in‐office aesthetic procedures aiming to improve collagen stimulation has been reported.ObjectiveTo analyze the effects of combinations of different aesthetic collagen stimulation procedures using histological analysis.MethodsHistological analysis was performed on skin samples of the excess skin of a 60‐year‐old patient after sub‐superficial musculo‐aponeurotic system facelift surgery. The excess skin before facelift surgery was divided into three areas per hemiface. Each area—with exception of area A as a control—received an isolated or combined treatment of microfocused ultrasound (MFU), injections of calcium‐hydroxylapatite/hyaluronic‐acid‐based soft tissue filler, and microneedling. The effect of the treatments was analyzed using histological analysis with H&E coloration and PAS staining.ResultsA threefold increase of epidermal and dermal thickness was achieved by treating the skin with the proposed combined treatment comprising MFU and injections of calcium‐hydroxylapatite‐ and hyaluronic‐acid‐based soft tissue fillers.ConclusionThe investigated treatments act synergistically in the production of collagen and combining these treatments allows for an increase in collagen production.

INTRODUCTION Noninflammatory nodules may be persistent to dissolve. To evaluate the possible reasons, a case series of ultrasound images and medical data of patients who were prospectively referred with noninflammatory nodules were evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 27 patients with nodules but without signs of inflammation were included. All cases were assessed with an 18-MHz linear ultrasound device. Exact location of the filler material was noted. Relations with clinical data were analyzed using chi-square tests. RESULTS Early onset of complaints (<2 weeks) was found in 16 patients and late onset (>2 weeks) in 11. All patients had multiple nodules. In all cases, the filler nodule was found to be located inside the fascia. Extension to the subcutaneous tissue was seen in 8 cases and to the deeper planes in 5. In 14 cases, the filler material was completely located inside layers of the fascia, and migration was observed in 5 cases. DISCUSSION Accumulation of filler material in the superficial musculoaponeurotic system or fascia may be an important cause for the occurrence of persistent noninflammatory nodules, either by initial faulty injection technique or by later accumulation through the pathway generated with a needle or cannula. Ultrasound-guided injections are helpful to dissolve the nodule.

Abstract Background Lip enhancement procedures involving dermal fillers are one of the most sought after nonsurgical aesthetic treatments. However, current trends are associated with unnatural results and involve increased risks of complications and compromise to normal function. It appears that lips may be classified according to the presentation of their tubercles and this may be used to guide minimally invasive techniques which aim to preserve individual lip shapes and normal function. Objectives To test the reliability of a classification system based on lip tubercle morphology, named the Lip Classification of Tubercles (LCT). Methods To test the reliability of the LCT, a total of 214 high-definition photographs of patients’ lips with no previous histories of lip treatments were classified independently by 4 experienced aesthetic practitioners on 2 separate occasions 3 months apart; the second followed a more detailed explanation of the classification. Results When inter-rater reliability was calculated for the first attempt, the results were 36% and 43% for upper and lower lips, respectively. The second attempt following an education process resulted in 79% for both lips. When 1 practitioner was considered the standard, the average score for the remaining 3 showed some individual variation but improved significantly from 58% to 85%. Conclusions The LCT is a reliable way to classify lip types based on the morphology of tubercles. Level of Evidence: 3

AbstractBackgroundDue to the great importance of the face in social interaction, minimally invasive treatments can—besides their ability to rejuvenate and enhance beauty—also change the way facial impressions of a person are perceived. In recent literature, three main character traits (attractiveness, trustworthiness, and competence) and subdomains essential for facial perception were described.ObjectiveTo investigate whether minimally invasive procedures truly influence different character traits when evaluated by independent, objective observers.MethodsPhotographs of n = 34 female faces before and after treatment with injectable fillers and botulinum toxin were rated by 393 individuals without aesthetic background with regards to different character traits on a 7‐point Likert scale. Tests for dimensionality were performed, and composite scores of the impressions underlying each of the three dimensions were created and compared using within‐subjects t tests.ResultsTreatments statistically significantly improved the overarching character trait domains attractiveness, trustworthiness, and competence in posttreatment photographs compared with pretreatment. Posttreatment ratings of the respective subdomains also showed a statistically significant difference compared with pretreatment photographs, with the exception of the subdomain dominance which failed to reach statistical significance.ConclusionImpressions of facial attractiveness, trustworthiness, and competence can be improved by injectables while the naturalness of the face is left intact. An implication is that the improvement of traits highly relevant to social interaction will accommodate the patient's desires for beautification and rejuvenation.

Background: Soft-tissue filler injections performed with a cannula are perceived to be less precise because of the length of the instrument and the blunt tip, which can deviate in any direction. Midfacial needle injections are favored despite the increased risk for intraarterial product placement. The objective of this study was to demonstrate that ultrasound-assisted cannula injections of the midface result in precise, safe, and effective volumization procedures. Methods: Midfacial injections with a 22-G cannula were performed in 188 midfaces of 94 healthy volunteers [86 women; age, 53.05 (9.9) years; 23.63 (2.1) kg/m2] under ultrasound-assisted guidance. Precision (ie, administration of product in the same plane as the location of the cannula tip), safety (ie, rate of adverse events), and aesthetic outcome (rated by the patient and the treating physician) were assessed. Results: In 100% of cases, the product was applied into the desired deep midfacial fat compartment, and the product did not migrate into more superficial layers during the injection process or at any follow-up visit. There was a statistically significant (P < 0.001) improvement in midfacial volume loss and the aesthetic outcome was rated as very much improved. No adverse events were reported throughout follow-up. Conclusions: Real-time imaging allows for visual feedback during cannula advancement and injection procedures in the midface and can help practitioners achieve safer aesthetic outcomes. It is hoped that practitioners decide to use a cannula more frequently for midfacial volumization, given the results presented in this article. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, IV.

Summary: With the advent of the subspecialty of orthoplastic surgery, there has been a greater involvement of plastic surgeons in limb reconstruction, congenital anomalies, and salvage procedures. Understanding embryology helps plastic surgeons better understand how to reconstruct lower extremity congenital defects and how development of the lower limb affects what can be done to reconstruct the adult lower limb. There is significant discussion in the literature regarding embryology and development of craniofacial structures and the upper extremity; however, the development of the lower limb remains largely unexplored. This review aims to elucidate the embryologic development of the lower limb, congenital anomalies that may present to the plastic surgeon, and reconstructive options.

AbstractBackgroundPrevious clinical and anatomic investigations have identified the clinical relevance of facial biomechanics. Based on this new understanding, principles for facial aesthetic procedures were established: Lateral Face First, Deep Layers First, and Upper Face First.ObjectiveTo test the upper face first principle by showing that an injection sequence, starting in the upper face is superior to an injection sequence starting in the lower face.MethodsThis study was designed as an interventional split‐face study administering the same amount and type of soft tissue filler for the upper, middle, and lower face but in a different sequence: upper, middle, lower face versus lower, middle, and upper face. A total of 15 patients (5 males and 10 females) with a mean age of 39.4 years (9.6) and a mean BMI of 23.4 kg/m2 (1.7) were studied. Follow‐up at D0, D30, and D90 was conducted utilizing semiquantitative scores and objective 3D imaging.ResultsDespite not reaching statistical significance, midfacial volume and jawline contouring were rated better at every follow‐up visit (D0, D30, D90) when treated with the upper versus the lower face first injection algorithm. The global aesthetic improvement scale showed statistically significantly better values for the upper face first algorithm when compared to the lower face first algorithm at all evaluated time points with all p < 0.001.ConclusionApplying the upper face first injection algorithm seems to result in better aesthetic outcomes when directly compared to the lower face first algorithm. Semiquantitative and objective outcome measurements confirm its clinical effectiveness.