Citations

AbstractBackgroundPostoperative radioactive iodine (RAI) administration is widely utilized in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer. While beneficial in select patients, it is critical to recognize the potential negative sequelae of this treatment. The prevention, diagnosis, and management of the salivary and lacrimal complications of RAI exposure are addressed in this consensus statement.MethodsA multidisciplinary panel of experts was convened under the auspices of the American Head and Neck Society Endocrine Surgery and Salivary Gland Sections. Following a comprehensive literature review to assess the current best evidence, this group developed six relevant consensus recommendations.ResultsConsensus recommendations on RAI were made in the areas of patient assessment, optimal utilization, complication prevention, and complication management.ConclusionSalivary and lacrimal complications secondary to RAI exposure are common and need to be weighed when considering its use. The recommendations included in this statement provide direction for approaches to minimize and manage these complications.

OBJECTIVE Hospital hyperglycemia is common and associated with potential adverse outcomes. A Hospital-wide Mobile Phone Alert (HMA) system was built to achieve real time glucose monitoring with warnings for glucose excursions. This study investigated the status of glucose control and evaluated the impact of HMA system on inpatient glycemia management. METHODS Inpatients with hyperglycemia hospitalized between 1 January, 2017 and 31 December, 2018 were identified excluding those < 18 years of age. The HMA system was activated on 1 October, 2017. It sent real time cellphone warning messages to the patient’s designated team physician whenever glucose levels > 10 mmol/L or < 3 mmol/L were detected. A serum glucose > 7.8 mmol/L was defined as hospital hyperglycemia (HH), and > 10 mmol/L was defined as significant HH (SHH). Glucose excursions before and after the HMA system was instituted were compared. RESULTS The incidence of HH, SHH and hypoglycemia was 26.1%, 12.8% and 2.5%, respectively. With the HMA system, the monthly glucose related consultation rate for all inpatients increased 65.9%. The rate of HH glucose amount/ total glucose amount improved with the HMA system, being lower than pre HMA system activation for the surgical wards (15.8 ± 4.7% vs 21.1 ± 6.1%，p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS In this study, one third of inpatients were noted to experience hyperglycemia. Real time cellphone warning messages to the patient’s designated team physician can improve consultation utilization for blood glucose excursions. The alert system was found to reduce the incidence of hyperglycemia on surgical wards.

AbstractBackgroundIndeterminate thyroid nodules are diagnosed in up to 30% of fine‐needle aspirations and the risk of malignancy in these cases are highly variable. Consequently, managing these nodules has been a challenge. While a diagnostic thyroidectomy would help clarify the pathology, there is the risk of developing surgical‐related complications for a procedure that may not have been necessary and associated high costs. Genomic testing of indeterminate thyroid nodules may help better guide management.MethodsWe present an unbiased comprehensive review of available molecular testing for classifying indeterminate thyroid nodules, as well as their strengths and limitations, with the objective to allow practitioners to choose the best testing modality for their patients.ResultsMolecular testing of these nodules provided a platform to help distinguish benign versus malignant nodules, providing more confidence to rule in or rule out the likelihood of thyroid cancer in indeterminate nodules.ConclusionGenomic testing has evolved to more comprehensive panels to better stratify indeterminate nodules, including Hürthle cell neoplasms and noninvasive follicular neoplasm with papillary‐like nuclear features. Understanding the methodology of each available test improves patient care and reduces unnecessary costs.

Abstract Background: Maturity onset diabetes in young 3 (MODY 3) is caused by mutation of the hepatic nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF-1A) gene. Craniofacial macrosomia (CFM) is associated with an abnormal development of craniofacial structures during the embryonic period. Maternal diabetes and genetic predisposition have been associated with CFM1. There are rare reports about an association of MODY 3 and CFM. Clinical case: An 11-year-old male patient presented with right side CFM (mild mandibular hypoplasia, internal auditory canal absence, severe pinna hypoplasia, abnormal orbital size and location, O3.M0.E3.N0.S02) noted at 8 months of age. Preoperative examination revealed A1c at 10.9%. After short term intensive insulin therapy, he had standard bread meal test: fasting glucose 8.11 mmol/L, insulin 13.9 mIU/L (3-25), C-peptide 1.25 ng/ml (0.81-3.85); 1 hour glucose 10.05 mmol/L, insulin 27 mIU/L, C-peptide 2.42 ng/ml; 2 hour glucose 8.17 mmol/L, insulin 16.09 mIU/L, C-peptide 2.11 ng/ml. GADA, IAA and ICA were negative. The mother was diagnosed diabetes at age 27years, when the patient was 8-month-old, and received insulin therapy. The mother was blind by age 35years due to diabetic retinopathy and died of DKA at 38-years-old. The patient’s 16-year-old brother had left side CFM (O2.M1.E2.N0.S0) and his OGTT was normal. The father was diagnosed with impaired glucose tolerance. The family had whole genome sequencing by Sanger technique, and resequenced the mutation with side primers. The CGA to CAA mutation was present at the 686 loci of exon 3 of HNF1A gene in the patient and mother. The HNF1A exon 3 mutation of CGA to CAA resulted in the change of arginine to glutamine which by the HGMA database is recognized as a reported MODY3 gene mutation. There was a mutation of G to A in the 4 loci of exon 1 of the insulin coding region in chromosome 11 in both the patient and elder brother. Neither elder brother nor father had the CGA mutation of HNF1A. Conclusion: There has not been a previous report of a relationship between HNF1A and CFM. In this case, the elder brother had CFM without a HNF1A mutation which does not support a connection between CFM and HNF1A. The two brothers both had CFM and insulin coding gene mutations which would represent a new association not previously described. Further testing is needed to confirm a relationship between the two. Reference: 1. Chen Q, Zhao Y, Shen G, Dai J. Etiology and Pathogenesis of Hemifacial Microsomia. J Dent Res 2018; 97(12): 1297-305. 2. Gougoutas AJ, Singh DJ, Low DW, Bartlett SP. Hemifacial microsomia: clinical features and pictographic representations of the OMENS classification system. Plast Reconstr Surg 2007; 120(7): 112e-20e.

Background: The 2015 American Thyroid Association (ATA) clinical practice guidelines (CPGs) on management of thyroid nodules (TNs) and differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) in adults were developed to inform clinicians, patients, researchers, and health policy makers about the best available evidence, and its limitations, relating to management of these conditions. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional electronic survey of ATA members' perspectives of these CPGs, using a standardized survey (Clinician Guidelines Determinant Questionnaire) developed by the Guidelines International Network. A survey link was electronically mailed to members in February of 2019, with reminders sent to nonrespondents 2 and 5 weeks later. Data were descriptively summarized, after excluding missing responses. Results: The overall response rate was 19.8% (348/1761). The effective response rate was 20.2% (348/1720), after excluding a recently deceased member and individuals who had either invalid e-mail addresses or whose e-mails were returned. Of the respondents, 37.9% (132/348) were female, 60.4% (209/346) were endocrinologists, 27.5% (95/346) were surgeons, and 3.5% (12/346) were nuclear medicine specialists. The majority of respondents (71.9%; 250/348) were at a mid- or advanced-career level, and more than half were in academia (57.5%; 195/339). The majority (69.8%; 243/348) practiced in North America. The vast majority of respondents indicated that the CPGs explained the underlying evidence (92.3%; 298/323) and 92.9% (300/323) agreed or strongly agreed with the content. Most respondents stated that they regularly used the CPGs in their practice (83.0%; 268/323). Most respondents (83.0%; 268/323) also agreed or strongly agreed that the recommendations were easy to incorporate in their practice. The most popular CPG format was an electronic desktop file (78.8%; 252/320). Shorter more frequent CPGs were favored by 55.0% (176/320) of respondents, and longer traditional CPGs were favored by 39.7% (127/320). Conclusions: The clinical content and evidence explanations in the adult TN and DTC CPGs are widely accepted and applied among ATA survey respondents. Future ATA CPG updates need to be optimized to best meet users' preferences regarding format, frequency, and length.

Background: Levothyroxine (LT4) is the mainstay of therapy for hypothyroidism. Yet, despite physician efforts at dose titration, some patients remain hypothyroid on LT4 doses in excess of weight-based calculations, a condition known as refractory hypothyroidism. The LT4 absorption test (LT4AT) has been proposed to have utility in these patients by enabling distinction of LT4 malabsorption from pseudomalabsorption, a condition of intentional nonadherence. Given its rare use in clinical practice, we reviewed our institution's experience with the LT4AT to assess its impact on management of refractory hypothyroidism. Methods: We reviewed the charts of 16 patients diagnosed with refractory hypothyroidism and who had completed the LT4AT between January 2015 to January 2019. The primary aim was to determine the utility of this test in distinguishing LT4 malabsorption from pseudomalabsorption. Secondary aims were to determine whether the results of this test impacted physicians' management decisions, as well as to report on clinical outcomes at follow-up. Our LT4AT is a six-hour test wherein patients receive a weight-based dose of LT4 followed by serial measurements of total thyroxine (TT4) and thyrotropin (TSH). Percentage absorption is calculated using the following formula, with normal absorption being ≥60%: Results: Percentage absorption was calculated in 13 of 16 patients due to lack of TT4 data for 3 patients. Absorption was impaired in one patient (% absorbed = 0), who had known causes of malabsorption. The remaining 12 patients had normal absorption by hour 4 of the test (% absorption 60–158) in conjunction with upward TT4 trends. Clinical follow-up ranged from 1 to 32 months (median 6.5 months), with 11 patients having follow-up data. Six of these had normal or suppressed TSH values at most recent follow-up, and four had improved but persistent TSH elevations. The one said patient with malabsorption improved with intravenous LT4. Conclusions: The LT4AT can provide valuable information for distinguishing malabsorption from pseudomalabsorption. Our findings support the combined use of calculated percentage absorptions with TT4 trends for at least a four-hour time frame when making determinations regarding absorption.