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(1) Background: Heart failure is an extremely impactful health issue from both a social and quality-of-life point of view and the rate of patients with this condition is destined to rise in the next few years. Transplantation remains the mainstay of treatment for end-stage heart failure, but a shortage of organs represents a significant problem that prolongs time spent on the waiting list. In view of this, the selection of donor and recipient must be extremely meticulous, considering all factors that could predispose to organ failure. One of the main considerations regarding heart transplants is the risk of graft rejection and the need for immunosuppression therapy to mitigate that risk. In this study, we aimed to assess the characteristics of patients who need immunosuppression treatment for rejection within one year of heart transplantation and its impact on mid-term and long-term mortality. (2) Methods: The United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) Registry was queried to identify patients who solely underwent a heart transplant in the US between 2000 and 2021. Patients were divided into two groups according to the need for anti-rejection treatment within one year of heart transplantation. Patients’ characteristics in the two groups were assessed, and 1 year and 10 year mortality rates were compared. (3) Results: A total of 43,763 patients underwent isolated heart transplantation in the study period, and 9946 (22.7%) needed anti-rejection treatment in the first year. Patients who required treatment for rejection within one year after transplant were more frequently younger (49 ± 14 vs. 52 ± 14 years, p < 0.001), women (31% vs. 23%, p < 0.001), and had a higher CPRA value (14 ± 26 vs. 11 ± 23, p < 0.001). Also, the rate of prior cardiac surgery was more than double in this group (27% vs. 12%, p < 0.001), while prior LVAD (12% vs. 11%, p < 0.001) and IABP (10% vs. 9%, p < 0.01) were more frequent in patients who did not receive anti-rejection treatment in the first year. Finally, pre-transplantation creatinine was significantly higher in patients who did not need treatment for rejection in the first year (1.4 vs. 1.3, p < 0.01). Most patients who did not require anti-rejection treatment underwent heart transplantation during the new allocation era, while less than half of the patients who required treatment underwent transplantation after the new allocation policy implementation (65% vs. 49%, p < 0.001). Patients who needed rejection treatment in the first year had a higher risk of unadjusted 1 year (HR: 2.25; 95% CI: 1.88–2.70; p < 0.001), 5 year (HR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.60–1.79; p < 0.001), and 10 year (HR: 1.47; 95% CI: 1.41–1.54, p < 0.001) mortality, and this was confirmed at the adjusted analysis at all three time-points. (4) Conclusions: Medical treatment of acute rejection was associated with significantly increased 1 year mortality compared to patients who did not require anti-rejection therapy. The higher risk of mortality was confirmed at a 10 year follow-up. Further studies and newer follow-up data are required to investigate the role of anti-rejection therapy in the heart transplant population.

AbstractBackgroundGastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) in patients with continuous flow left ventricular assist devices (CF‐LVADs) is often related to GI angiodysplasia (GIAD). We previously reported data on VEGF inhibition with IV bevacizumab in the treatment of LVAD‐associated GIAD bleeding, and now present follow‐up data on patients treated with IV bevacizumab and/or low‐dose oral pazopanib.MethodsAll consecutive adult patients with LVAD‐associated GIB from GIAD treated with bevacizumab or pazopanib, from July 20, 2017 to June 22, 2022, were included in the analysis. Data on hospitalizations, GI endoscopic procedures, and blood transfusions were obtained from first admission for GIB up to a median of 35.7 months following treatment initiation (range 1.3–59.8 months).ResultsEleven patients (91% male, mean 69.5 ± 8.9 years) were included. Eight patients (73%) received IV bevacizumab, two patients (18%) received oral pazopanib, and one patient (9%) received bevacizumab followed by pazopanib therapy. We observed a significantly decreased number of annualized hospitalizations for GIB (median difference − 2.87, p = 0.002), blood transfusions (median difference − 20.9, p = 0.01), and endoscopies (median difference − 6.95, p = 0.007) in patients pre‐ and post‐anti‐angiogenic therapy (bevacizumab and/or pazopanib). Similarly, a significant improvement in these clinical outcomes was noted in the bevacizumab group with decreased annualized hospitalizations (median difference − 2.75, p = 0.014), blood transfusions (median difference − 24.5, p = 0.047), and number of endoscopies (median differences −6.88, p = 0.006).ConclusionAnti‐angiogenic therapy with IV bevacizumab and/or low‐dose oral pazopanib appears to provide benefits in patients with LVAD‐associated GIB with reduced hospitalizations, blood transfusions, and need for GI endoscopic procedures.

Left ventricular assist devices (LVADs) have been increasingly used in patients with advanced heart failure, either as a destination therapy or as a bridge to heart transplant. Continuous flow (CF) LVADs have revolutionized advanced heart failure treatment. However, significant vascular pathology and complications have been linked to their use. While the newer CF-LVAD generations have led to a reduction in some vascular complications such as stroke, no major improvement was noticed in the rate of other vascular complications such as gastrointestinal bleeding. This review attempts to provide a comprehensive summary of the effects of CF-LVAD on vasculature, including pathophysiology, clinical implications, and future directions.

Background The clinical characteristics of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) inhibitors use in heart transplant recipients and their outcomes have not been well described. Methods and Results We compared patients who received mTOR inhibitors within the first 2 years after heart transplantation to patients who did not by inquiring the United Network for Organ Sharing (UNOS) database between 2010 and 2018. The primary end point was all‐cause mortality with retransplantation as a competing event. Rejection, malignancy, hospitalization for infection, and renal transplantation were secondary end points. There were 1619 (9%) and 15 686 (81%) mTOR inhibitors+ and mTOR inhibitors− patients, respectively. Body mass index, induction, cardiac allograft vasculopathy, calculated panel reactive antibody, and fewer days in 1A status were independently associated with mTOR inhibitors+ status. Over a follow‐up of 10.4 years, there was no difference in all‐cause mortality after adjusting for donor and recipient characteristics (adjusted subdistribution hazard ratio, 1.03 [0.90–1.19]; P =0.66). mTOR inhibitors+ were independently associated with increased risk for rejection (odds ratio [OR], 1.43 [1.11–1.83]; P =0.005) and basal skin cancer (OR, 1.35 [1.19–1.51]; P =0.012) but not for infection or renal transplantation. Conclusions mTOR inhibitors are used in <10% patients in the first 2 years after heart transplantation and are noninferior to contemporary immunosuppression regimens in terms of all‐cause mortality, infection, malignancy, or renal transplantation. They are associated with risk for rejection.

AbstractBackgroundConcerns about the impact of the new donor heart allocation system on posttransplant outcomes have emerged after its implementation. We sought to evaluate the characteristics and outcomes of left ventricular assist device (LVAD) recipients transplanted before and after the implantation of the new policy on October 18, 2018.MethodsData on bridge to transplantation of adult patients with LVAD between January 2015 and October 2021, with durable LVAD as a (BTT), was queried from the United Network of Organ Sharing (UNOS) registry. The main outcomes were 30‐day all‐cause mortality, 30‐day fatal graft failure, 1‐year all‐cause mortality, treated acute rejection at 1 year and renal replacement therapy (RRT) for acute renal failure.ResultsIn our study, 7096 patients met the inclusion criteria including 2435 in the new allocation system. The transplanted patients in the new allocation system era had older donor age, longer ischemic time, and higher proportion of newer generation LVADs. Adjusted 30‐day all‐cause mortality was significantly lower for LVAD recipients in the new allocation system era (2.5% vs. 3.6%; sub‐hazard ratio [SHR] 0.36, 95% Confidence intervals [CI] 0.27–0.48, p < 0.001) without differences in the risk of fatal graft failure and 1‐year mortality (7.8% vs. 9.6%). Significantly lower adjusted 30‐day mortality with HVAD and HM3 devices than HM2 in the new allocation system era was found, without differences in 1‐year mortality. Acute allograft rejection requiring treatment was significantly lower (Odds Ratio 0.78, 95% CI 0.65–0.94, p = 0.01), whereas a trend toward higher risk of renal failure requiring RRT was identified.ConclusionsDespite changing donor characteristics and longer ischemic times, posttransplant outcomes in LVAD recipients have not worsened with the implementation of the new allocation system and this finding is related to the use of newer generation continuous flow LVADs.

Introduction: The number of patients with sarcoidosis requiring heart transplantation (HT) is on the rise. Hypothesis: The aim of this study was to evaluate outcomes of isolated HT in patients with sarcoid cardiomyopathy. Methods: Adult HT recipients were identified in the UNOS Registry between 1990 and 2020. Patients were grouped according to diagnosis. The cumulative incidences for the all-cause mortality and rejection were compared using Fine and Gray model analysis, accounting for re-transplantation as a competing risk. Moreover, we reviewed characteristics and outcomes of all HT recipients with previous diagnosis of sarcoid cardiomyopathy from a single-center. Results: A total of 30,874 HT recipients were included in the present study (n=240 sarcoidosis, n=1,431 non-ischemic restrictive cardiomyopathy, and n=29,203 non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy). During a total of 196,985 patient-years, all-cause mortality at the latest follow-up was not significantly different when comparing sarcoidosis to non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (adjusted subhazard ratio [aSHR] 1.4, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 0.88-2.3, p=0.15) or restrictive cardiomyopathy (aSHR 1.12, 95% CI: 0.65-1.95, p=0.67). Accordingly, multivariable analysis suggested that 1-year mortality was not significantly different between sarcoidosis and non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy (aSHR 1.56, 95% CI: 0.9-2.7, p=0.12) or restrictive (aSHR 1.15, 95% CI: 0.61-2.18, p=0.66) cardiomyopathy. Additionally, no differences were observed regarding 30-day mortality after HT. Data from the single-center case review showed excellent long-term outcomes with sirolimus-based immunosuppression. Conclusions: Short- and long-term outcomes after isolated HT do not seem to be inferior in sarcoid cardiomyopathy when compared to common types of non-ischemic cardiomyopathy.

Abstract Background The number of patients with sarcoidosis requiring heart transplantation (HT) is increasing. The aim of this study was to evaluate outcomes of isolated HT in patients with sarcoid cardiomyopathy and compare them to recipients with non-ischaemic restrictive or dilated cardiomyopathy. Methods and results Adult HT recipients were identified in the UNOS Registry between 1990 and 2020. Patients were grouped according to diagnosis. The cumulative incidences for the all-cause mortality and rejection were compared using Fine and Gray model analysis, accounting for re-transplantation as a competing risk. Rejection was evaluated using logistic regression analysis. We also reviewed characteristics and outcomes of all HT recipients with previous diagnosis of sarcoid cardiomyopathy from a single centre. A total of 30 160 HT recipients were included in the present study (n = 239 sarcoidosis, n = 1411 non-ischaemic restrictive cardiomyopathy, and n = 28 510 non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy). During a total of 194 733 patient-years, all-cause mortality at the latest follow-up was not significantly different when comparing sarcoidosis to non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy [adjusted subhazard ratio (aSHR) 1.46, 95% confidence intervals (CIs): 0.9–2.4, P = 0.12] or restrictive cardiomyopathy (aSHR 1.12, 95% CI: 0.65–1.95, P = 0.67). Accordingly, multivariable analysis suggested that 1 year mortality was not significantly different between sarcoidosis and non-ischaemic dilated cardiomyopathy (aSHR 1.56, 95% CI: 0.9–2.7, P = 0.12) or restrictive cardiomyopathy (aSHR 1.15, 95% CI: 0.61–2.18, P = 0.66). No differences were observed regarding 30 day mortality, treated and hospitalized acute rejection, and 30 day death from graft failure after HT. Thirty-day mortality did not improve significantly in more recent HT eras whereas there was a trend towards improved 1 year mortality in the latest HT era (P = 0.06). Data from the single-centre case review showed excellent long-term outcomes with sirolimus-based immunosuppression. Conclusions Short-term and long-term post HT outcomes among patients with sarcoid cardiomyopathy are similar to those with common types of non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy.

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibitors have been shown to reduce proliferation of lymphoid cells; thus, their use for immunosuppression after heart transplantation (HT) may reduce post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) risk. This study sought to investigate whether the sirolimus (SRL)-based immunosuppression regimen is associated with a decreased risk of PTLD compared with the calcineurin inhibitor (CNI)-based regimen in HT recipients. We retrospectively analyzed 590 patients who received HTs at two large institutions between 1 June 1988 and 31 December 2014. Cox proportional-hazard modeling was used to examine the association between type of primary immunosuppression and PTLD after adjustment for potential confounders, including Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) status, type of induction therapy, and rejection. Conversion from CNI to SRL as primary immunosuppression occurred in 249 patients (42.2%). During a median follow-up of 6.3 years, 30 patients developed PTLD (5.1%). In a univariate analysis, EBV mismatch was strongly associated with increased risk of PTLD (HR 10.0, 95% CI: 3.8–26.6; p < 0.001), and conversion to SRL was found to be protective against development of PTLD (HR 0.19, 95% CI: 0.04–0.80; p = 0.02). In a multivariable model and after adjusting for EBV mismatch, conversion to SRL remained protective against risk of PTLD compared with continued CNI use (HR 0.12, 95% CI: 0.03–0.55; p = 0.006). In conclusion, SRL-based immunosuppression is associated with lower incidence of PTLD after HT. These findings provide evidence of a benefit from conversion to SRL as maintenance therapy for mitigating the risk of PTLD, particularly among patients at high PTLD risk.

Background and Purpose: Less is known about the risk factors and outcomes associated with stroke in the current era of increasing heart transplantation (HT) being performed in older patients. The impact of immunosuppression on risk of stroke has not yet been previously studied. We aimed to determine the incidence, risk factors and outcomes of stroke after HT. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the incidence of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes and associated outcomes in all consecutive HT recipients transplanted between 1994 and 2016 at a single institution. Results: Of 529 patients who underwent HT, 57 (10.7%) developed stroke, 8.1% had an ischemic events and (2.6%) had a hemorrhagic stroke. Age at HT (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 1.33; P =0.03) and diabetes (HR, 2.60; P =0.02) were associated with increased risk of ischemic events. Patients with stroke (any type) were more likely to have worse kidney function (HR, 1.81; P =0.02) whereas patients with ischemic events were more likely to undergo combined organ transplantation (HR, 2.01; P =0.05). Cytomegalovirus infection was found to be associated with increased risk of any stroke (HR, 2.09; P =0.02).Conversion from calcineurin inhibitor to sirolimus-based immunosuppression was not found to be associated with a significant change in stroke risk (HR, 1.39; P =0. 45) compared with calcineurin inhibitor maintenance therapy. Stroke of any type and ischemic events were independently associated with increased risk of death (HR, 1.90; P =0.001 and HR, 2.14; P <0.001, respectively). Conclusions: Stroke after HT is associated with increased mortality. Older age at HT, diabetes, renal dysfunction, and CMV infection were associated with greater risk of stroke.