Citations

Abstract Background The cerebellar dentate is a known site of iron accumulation and tau deposition in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP); however, detailed iron distribution and localized volume and shape changes remain unclear across PSP clinical variants. Objective The study aimed to clarify details about regional susceptibility distribution, volume, and shape deformation in the cerebellar dentate across PSP clinical variants. Methods Sixty‐seven PSP patients, including 31 PSP‐Richardson syndrome, 12 PSP‐parkinsonism, 10 PSP‐progressive gait freezing, and 14 PSP‐cortical variants (PSP‐frontal, PSP‐speech/language, and PSP‐corticobasal syndrome), and 31 healthy controls underwent 3 Tesla magnetic resonance imaging to reconstruct quantitative susceptibility maps. Manual dentate segmentation was performed to extract magnetic susceptibility and volume adjusted for total intracranial volume. Shape deformation was assessed using Deformetrica atlas construction. Group comparisons were evaluated with Kruskal–Wallis tests and receiver operating characteristic analysis. Results Patients with PSP‐Richardson syndrome, PSP‐parkinsonism, and PSP‐cortical variants showed significantly increased dentate susceptibility compared with controls ( P < 0.05). Patients with PSP‐progressive gait freezing showed no significant susceptibility differences. Volume loss was most prominent in PSP‐cortical variants, bilaterally, and PSP‐Richardson syndrome, left hemisphere only ( P < 0.05). Shape analysis revealed subregion‐specific deformation patterns, especially in the anterior and posterior deformation in PSP‐progressive gait freezing and the ventroanterior deformation in PSP‐cortical variants. Conclusions The PSP clinical variants had different patterns of susceptibility, volume, and shape metrics, reflecting distinct neurodegenerative patterns of the cerebellar dentate. These findings contribute to our understanding of the neurobiology of PSP and may help to improve phenotypic differentiation of PSP clinical variants. © 2026 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.

Background Motor speech disorders are early, common, and functionally limiting features of atypical parkinsonian disorders (APDs) such as progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), corticobasal syndrome (CBS), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). These impairments are underrecognized and undertreated in neurology clinics. Objectives This review aims to characterize speech impairment in APDs, offer practical guidance for clinical evaluation, highlight the role of Speech‐Language pathologists (SLPs) in diagnosis and management, and outline current and emerging management strategies. Methods A narrative review was conducted by the Diagnosis and Treatment Working Group of CurePSP's Centers of Care, integrating literature and clinical experience to summarize evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of motor speech disorders in APDs. Results Speech changes in APDs are often mixed dysarthrias with hypokinetic, spastic, and/or ataxic components, and may include apraxia of speech; these are frequently more severe and progress quicker than in Parkinson's disease. These features can assist in differential diagnosis and should prompt early referral to SLPs. Despite the high prevalence of speech and voice changes, comprehensive assessment of motor speech disorders is uncommon in neurology clinics. Current evidence regarding the efficacy of interventions is mixed. Digital acoustic analysis and neuromodulation offer promising directions for diagnosis and treatment. Conclusions Early, collaborative management of motor speech impairment elevates care in APDs. Neurologists and SLPs must work together to improve recognition, diagnosis, and care. Future research should focus on objective biomarkers and personalized therapies to support communication, autonomy, and quality of life for individuals living with APDs.

Abstract Lower cerebral perfusion is associated with adverse outcomes, but risk factors are poorly understood. This study examined associations of cumulative systolic blood pressure [SBP], diabetes, and BMI from mid- to late-life with late-life cerebral perfusion, using whole-brain MRI Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL). Cumulative exposures were defined as either average continuous SBP or BMI across visits or number of years with diabetes, hypertension, or obesity. Multiple regression, adjusted for age and gender, estimated ASL (β: 95% CI) among participants without prevalent conditions at baseline in participants with ASL data from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study (ARIC; Jackson, MS; n = 100; age=81±3 years; 65% Female; 100% Black participants; 34 years retrospective risk factor assessments (1987-2021); pulsed ASL, 8/2021-1/2024) and the Mayo Clinic Study of Aging (MCSA; Rochester, MN; n = 537; age=71±13 years; 36.3% Female, 100% White participants; 18 years retrospective risk factor assessments (2005-2023); pseudo-continuous ASL 2/2023-3/2024). A 10 mmHg higher cumulative SBP was associated with a 0.04 lower ASL (MCSA β=-0.04; -0.01, -0.07; ARIC β=-0.04; -0.09, 0.01). A 10 kg/m2 higher cumulative BMI was associated with a 0.30 lower ASL (-0.51, -0.08) in ARIC and 0.03 lower ASL (-0.16, 0.10) in MCSA participants. Every five additional years of diabetes exposure was associated with a 0.03 (-0.06, -0.01) lower ASL in ARIC and 0.11 (-0.27, 0.05) lower ASL in MCSA participants. High BP, obesity, and diabetes may contribute to poor cerebral perfusion over extended exposures from midlife. Longer risk factor assessment periods and different ASL techniques may explain differences in the cohorts.

Abstract Background Quantitative susceptibility mapping ( QSM ) is a promising neuroimaging biomarker for detecting abnormal iron deposition in progressive supranuclear palsy ( PSP ); however, the QSM profile and its accuracy in autopsy‐confirmed PSP remain unexplored. Objective The aim of the study was to elucidate and validate the QSM profiles in autopsy‐confirmed PSP. Methods Eight patients with a clinically diagnosed PSP syndrome ( PSPS ) underwent antemortem 3 T magnetic resonance imaging ( MRI) scanning and subsequent pathological diagnosis, confirming 6 PSP pathology and 2 multiple system atrophy ( MSA ) pathology cases. QSM analysis and Prussian blue staining were performed across subcortical regions. Results PSP cases showed higher susceptibility than age‐matched controls in the pallidum, subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, and cerebellar dentate (false discovery rate [ FDR] ‐corrected P < 0.05). PSP had higher susceptibility in the subthalamic nucleus and lower susceptibility in the putamen than the clinically atypical MSA ( P = 0.08). Subcortical susceptibilities correlated with Prussian blue–stained areas ( r = 0.63, P < 0.001). Conclusions QSM could be a reliable measure to evaluate abnormal iron accumulation patterns in PSP.

Abstract Objective: We investigated differences in cognition between variants of progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) including PSP-Richardson (PSP-RS) and subcortical and cortical variants using updated diagnostic criteria and comprehensive neuropsychological assessment. Method: We recruited 140 participants with PSP (age = 71.3 ± 6.9 years; education = 15.0 ± 2.8 years; 49.3% female) who completed neurological and neuropsychological assessment. Participants received diagnoses of PSP clinical variants at their evaluation (or retrospectively if evaluated before 2017) according to the Movement Disorder Society PSP criteria. We grouped variants as PSP-RS (62 participants), PSP-Cortical (25 with PSP-speech/language and 9 with PSP-corticobasal syndrome), and PSP-Subcortical (27 with PSP-parkinsonism, 11 with PSP-progressive gait freezing, and 6 with PSP-postural instability). Analysis of covariance adjusted for age assessed for differences in neuropsychological performance between variants across cognitive domains. Results: PSP-Cortical participants performed worst on measures of visual attention/working memory (Spatial Span Forward/Backward/Total), executive function (Frontal Assessment Battery), and language (Letter Fluency). PSP-RS participants performed worst on verbal memory (Camden Words). There were no significant group differences for the MoCA or indices of visuospatial function. There were no sex or education differences between PSP groups; however, there were differences in age at visit and disease duration. Conclusions: In a large sample of participants with PSP, there were differences in cognition across PSP-RS, PSP-Subcortical, and PSP-Cortical variants, with PSP-Cortical and, to a lesser extent, PSP-RS, performing worse on tests of attention and executive function. These findings suggest cognitive distinctions among PSP clinical variants and highlight the value of neuropsychological assessment in differential diagnosis of PSP subtypes for more accurate and timely clinical classification.

OBJECTIVE Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH) is characterized by gait deterioration, cognitive disturbances, and urinary incontinence. Gait deficits pose safety hazards due to frequent falls, yet objective investigations of gait improvement following ventriculoperitoneal shunt (VPS) placement are limited. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess objective improvement in gait parameters for patients with iNPH after VPS placement. METHODS All patients treated with a VPS for iNPH by the senior author at a single tertiary care center from December 2017 to January 2023 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients who underwent detailed motion analysis testing before surgery with > 1 follow-up assessment were included. Analyzed parameters included gait velocity, gait cadence, stride length, stride width, gait stability ratio, total support, and single support. Time-dependent linear mixed-effects models and generalized additive mixed-effects models (GAMMs) were used to model short-term and longitudinal gait parameter changes, respectively. RESULTS A total of 212 patients (137 male, median age was 75.2 years) who underwent VPS placement for iNPH were included, with a total of 747 gait analyses performed at a median last-gait analysis follow-up duration of 12.0 months. Statistically significant changes in all gait parameter values were seen between the preoperative time point and first postoperative follow-up (within 3 months) time point (paired Wilcoxon p < 0.001), with a statistically significant majority of patients experiencing improvement (binominal p < 0.0001). Longitudinal analyses using a GAMM showed increased gait velocity, single support, and stride length, with decreased stability ratio, step width, and total support at early time points, while a plateau was achieved around 6 months. CONCLUSIONS A detailed gait analysis demonstrated significant improvements in objective ambulation metrics, particularly in the gait velocity, stride length, and gait stability ratio, following VPS placement in patients with iNPH. Most patients maintained marked improvement from baseline to the last follow-up assessment, although a plateau of the benefit was experienced over longer follow-up.

ABSTRACT Background and Purpose Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is commonly used to assess the integrity of gray and white matter (WM) structures in progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Beyond DTI, nontraditional diffusion techniques such as diffusion kurtosis imaging (DKI) have been shown to characterize brain tissue further. In this work, we aim to determine the utility of DKI in the differential diagnosis of PSP—Richardson syndrome (PSP‐RS) and PSP with predominant parkinsonism (PSP‐P) from Parkinson's disease (PD) and controls. Methods A multishell diffusion‐weighted sequence was acquired at 3 Tesla on a Siemens system in 22 patients with PSP‐RS, 23 with PSP‐P, 19 with PD, and 19 controls. Fractional anisotropy, mean diffusivity, kurtosis fractional anisotropy (KFA), and mean kurtosis (Kmean) were calculated for nine deep gray matter regions and six different WM tracts. Results DKI identified differences (not found by DTI) between control and PSP groups in the globus pallidum externus, subthalamic region, and putamen, with Kmean in the putamen able to differentiate PSP‐RS and PD. DKI WM measurements in the body of the corpus callosum and dentatorubrothalamic tract differentiated PSP‐RS from PD, and the corticostriatal tract differentiated PSP‐P from PD. KFA in the body of the corpus callosum identified worse microstructural anomalies in PSP‐RS compared to PSP‐P. DKI metrics correlated with the severity of ocular motor impairment and parkinsonism scores. Conclusions DKI measurements could differentiate PSP‐RS, PSP‐P, and PD and, hence, may be a promising imaging tool for studying structural neuropathological changes in PSP.