Citations

✓The aim of this study is to evaluate the presentation of unusual dementias in 4 patients and correlate these presentations with the histopathological findings after brain biopsy sampling to define a diagnostic entity. The authors detail the cases of 4 patients (2 women, 46 and 56 years of age; and 2 men, 67 and 74 years of age) who presented with acute and subsequently subacute encephalopathies. Their bizarre presenting symptom complexes and the results of neurological examinations, radiographic studies, electroencephalography (EEG) recordings, and serological marker tests are reviewed. The diagnostic surgical procedures and successful treatments in these patients are discussed. All 4 patients underwent craniotomy and excisional brain biopsy sampling as part of a comprehensive evaluation. Histopathological confirmation of nonvasculitic autoimmune inflammatory meningoencephalitis (NAIM) by a neuropathologist was present in all 4 patients. All patients were successfully treated with a course of corticosteroid medication. Nonvasculitic autoimmune inflammatory meningoencephalitis is a potentially treatable form of dementia whose salient features include a younger average age at onset, rapid progression with significant cognitive and behavioral features, absence of family history, abnormal EEG findings, and elevated levels of inflammatory markers. Although it is an invasive procedure, brain biopsy sampling is safe and can offer histological confirmation of this condition. This procedure is important because NAIM can be treated successfully if it is distinguished from the nontreatable dementias that mimic it.

Object Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage is an uncommon but recognized initial presenting sign of both primary and metastatic brain tumors. The rate of tumor-related intracranial hemorrhage is variably reported from < 1 to 14.6%. Hemorrhage in primary gliomas occurs in 3.7–7.2% of gliomas, mainly in glioblastoma muliforme and oligodendroglioma with low-grade astrocytomas accounting for < 1%. Hemorrhage associated with pilocytic astrocytomas (PAs) is only sporadically reported. The authors report on a series of patients in whom PAs presenting as hemorrhages prompted them to examine the incidence of bleeding in these tumors. Methods Cases involving a confirmed tissue diagnosis of PA from 1994–2005 were reviewed retrospectively. The authors included only patients with evidence of hemorrhage on computed tomography and/or magnetic resonance imaging seen prior to biopsy or resection and in the absence of trauma or other vascular pathological entities. Results In 138 patients with histologically proven PAs, the mean age at diagnosis was 23 years. In 11 patients (8%; 5 male and 6 female) there was evidence of hemorrhage at presentation. There were no locations more susceptible to hemorrhage than any other, although no bleeding occurred within the cerebellum. All but 1 patient was treated with a gross-total resection. Conclusions Hemorrhage in association with PAs likely results from the frequently observed abnormal vasculature in these tumors, occurs with a greater frequency than previously thought, and should be considered in the differential diagnosis of spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage.

Object The causes of epileptic events remain unclear. Much in vitro and in vivo experimental evidence suggests that gap junctions formed by connexins (Cxs) between neurons and/or astrocytes contribute to the generation and maintenance of seizures; however, few experiments have been conducted in humans, and those completed have shown controversial data. The authors designed a study to compare the level of expression of Cxs in hippocampi from epileptic and nonepileptic patients to assess whether an alteration of gap junction expression in epileptic tissue plays a role in seizure origin and propagation. Methods The expression of Cxs32, -36, and -43 was studied in 47 consecutive samples of hippocampi obtained from epileptic patients who had undergone an amygdalohippocampectomy for the treatment of intractable seizure. These expression levels were compared with those in hippocampi obtained in nonepileptic patients during postmortem dissection. Immunostaining was performed to create one slide for each of the three Cxs. Each slide demonstrated multiple cells from each of six regions (CA1, CA2, CA3, CA4, dentate gyrus, and subiculum). Two independent reviewers rated each Cx–region combination according to an immunoreactive score. Across all three measures—that is, staining intensity, percentage of positively stained cells, and immunoreactive score—Cx32 appeared to be expressed at a significantly lower level in the epileptic patients compared with controls (p < 0.001 for each measure), whereas Cx43 appeared to be expressed more among the epileptic patients (p < 0.001 for each measure). There was no evidence of any differential expression of Cx36. There was, however, regional variation within each Cx subtype. For Cx36, the staining intensity was higher in the CA2 region in the epilepsy group. Conclusions The increase in Cx43, decrease in Cx32, and preservation of Cx36 expression in hippocampi from epileptic persons could play a role in the development of seizures in patients with temporal sclerosis. Additional studies must be completed to understand this mechanism better.