Tollefson, Matthew K.

Objective To evaluate survival among patients with urothelial carcinoma ( UC ) within the prostate in order to assess the impact of depth of tumour invasion as well as the importance of a concurrent bladder tumour. Patients and Methods We identified 201 patients who underwent radical cystectomy ( RC ) between 1980 and 2006 and were found to have UC involving the prostate. All specimens were re‐reviewed by a genitourinary pathologist. Survival was estimated using the K aplan– M eier method and compared with the log‐rank test. Cox hazard regression models tested the association of clinicopathological variables with outcome. Results In all, 93 patients had pTis disease in the prostate, 43 had pT2 tumours, and 66 patients were pT4a . The median follow‐up was 10.5 years. The 5‐year cancer‐specific survival for patients with pTis , pT2 , and pT4a prostate UC was 73%, 57%, and 21% respectively ( P < 0.001). On multivariable analysis, higher prostate tumour stage (hazard ratio [ HR ] 2.09; P = 0.01), positive lymph node status ( HR 2.09; P = 0.002), and concurrent ≥ pT3 bladder cancer ( HR 4.16; P < 0.001) were significantly associated with an increased risk of death from UC . Conclusions Among patients with prostatic UC involvement, depth of tumour invasion was significantly associated with cancer‐specific mortality, validating the staging reclassification. Concurrent locally advanced bladder cancer also negatively impacted survival, suggesting the potential prognostic value of reporting a secondary tumour stage in such cases.

What's known on the subject? and What does the study add? Variations in the type of urinary diversion exist for patients undergoing radical cystectomy. Although its use has been increasing from 2001 to 2008, patients who are older, female, and primary insured by Medicaid are less likely to receive continent diversions. Furthermore, patients treated surgically at high‐volume and teaching hospitals are more likely to receive continent diversions. Objective To describe the contemporary trends in urinary diversion among patients undergoing radical cystectomy ( RC ) for bladder cancer; and elucidate whether socioeconomic disparities persist in the type of diversion performed in the USA from a population‐based cohort. Patients and Methods Using the Nationwide Inpatient Sample, we identified patients who underwent RC for bladder cancer between 2001 and 2008. Multivariable regression models were used to identify patient and hospital covariates associated with continent urinary diversion and enumerate predicted probabilities for statistically significant variables over time. Results Overall, 55 635 (92%) patients undergoing RC for bladder cancer received incontinent urinary diversion, while 4552 (8%) patients received continent diversion from 2001 to 2008. Receipt of continent urinary diversion increased from 6.6% in 2001–2002 to 9.4% in 2007–2008 ( P < 0.001 for trend). Patients who were older (odds ratio [ OR ] 0.93; P < 0.001), female ( OR 0.52; P < 0.001) and insured by Medicaid ( OR 0.54; P = 0.002) were less likely to receive continent urinary diversion. However, patients treated at teaching ( OR 2.14; P < 0.001) and high‐volume hospitals ( OR 2.39; P = 0.04) had higher odds of continent urinary diversion. Predicted probabilities of continent diversion remained lower for female patients, Medicaid insurance status, and non‐teaching and medium/low‐volume hospitals over time. Conclusions In this nationally representative sample of hospitals from 2001 to 2008, the use of continent diversion in RC gradually increased. Although variations in urinary diversion exist by hospital teaching status, case volume, patient gender and primary health insurance, increased attention in expanding the use of continent diversions may help reduce these disparities for patients undergoing RC for bladder cancer.

ObjectivesTo evaluate risk factors associated with iatrogenic splenectomy during nephrectomy and to assess outcomes among patients undergoing nephrectomy for renal tumors.MethodsOf 4323 patients who underwent nephrectomy at Mayo Clinic between 1992 and 2008, 33 (0.8%) had an iatrogenic/unplanned splenectomy. In a case–control study design, controls without splenectomy were matched 1:3 based on age, sex, surgical date, side of the renal tumor, surgical approach and surgeon. Perioperative features and survival were evaluated using conditional logistic and Cox regression.ResultsAmong the 33 iatrogenic splenectomy patients, the majority (94%) underwent radical, open and left‐sided nephrectomy. Primary tumor classification ≥T3 was the only clinicopathological risk factor significantly associated with splenectomy (odds ratio 3.4; P = 0.02). Compared with controls, patients with an iatrogenic splenectomy were more likely to have longer operative time (205 vs 171 min; P = 0.02), higher estimated blood loss (1.3 vs 0.3 L; P = 0.001), longer length of stay (median 7 vs 5 days; P = 0.03) and a higher likelihood for postoperative complications (odds ratio 5.3; P = 0.002). With a median of 9.8 years of follow up, splenectomy patients tended to have greater all‐cause mortality (hazard ratio 1.6; P = 0.07), although this difference approached statistical significance.ConclusionsIatrogenic splenectomy is a rare complication during nephrectomy and is associated with locally advanced tumors (≥pT3). It also carries prognostic significance for adverse perioperative outcomes and possibly diminished survival, although this warrants further study.