Shrestha, Malakh

Abstract Diameter of the aorta is a significant contributor and predictor for complications and a fundamental parameter for intervention. It is recognized that age, sex, and ethnicity play a role in aortic size. We thus sought to determine the normal dimensions among our population. A retrospective analysis of images was done of all polytrauma patients admitted between January 2018 and December 2022 who underwent protocolized noncontrast computed tomography of the chest and abdomen to measure the aortic diameter at established reference points. There were 513 patients; the mean age was 36.5 ± 14.6 (range: 18–86), and 382 (74.5%) were males. Aortic dimensions at sinus, mid-ascending, arch, descending, suprarenal, and infrarenal aorta were 30.7 ± 3.8, 29.3 ± 4.5, 24.9 ± 3.3, 20.1 ± 3.0, 19.4 ± 2.9, and 15.3 ± 2.2, respectively. Age demonstrated a positive correlation to the diameter at the ascending, descending, and infrarenal aorta (r = 0.58, p = 0.001 [95% confidence interval, CI = 0.519; 0.634]; r = 0.69, p = 0.001 [95% CI = 0.641; 0.732]; r = 0.57, p = 0.001 [95% CI = 0.509; 0.626]) along with the length of the ascending aorta (r = 0.420, p = 0.001 [95% CI = 0.345; 0.488]; r = 0.536, p = 0.001 [95% CI = 0.471; 0.595]; r = 0.476, p = 0.001 [95% CI = 0.406; 0.540), respectively. There was a positive correlation of aortic diameters to body mass index (BMI), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). Females had smaller dimension at the reference points, but without any statistical significance. There were 50 (9.8%) patients with bovine aortic arch and 10 (1.9%) with separate origin of left vertebral artery. Normal values of the diameter of the aorta for a South Asian population are provided. Diameter is affected by age, length of the ascending aorta, BMI, SBP, and DBP. This study suggests that the aorta size is smaller in the South Asian population than the referenced Western population, more significantly for distal descending and abdominal aorta and that ethnicity plays a role in determining aortic dimensions.

Abstract Background Valve-sparing aortic root replacement has increasingly been performed in Marfan patients. However, there is ongoing debate on whether the non-aneurysmal sized aortic arch should be prophylactically replaced during the index operation. The aim of our retrospective single-centre study was to investigate the long-term status of the aortic arch in these patients. Methods Between 1993 and 2021, a total of 723 patients underwent valve-sparing aortic root replacement with a straight tube graft (David I reimplantation) at our institution; 119 patients had confirmed Marfan disease. Of these 119 Marfan patients, 67 patients had isolated aortic root aneurysm with no aortic arch pathology. These 67 patients underwent isolated David I procedure in an elective setting (only aortic root and ascending aortic replacement) without any concomitant procedures and were included in the present study. Results This study includes 67 patients with Marfan syndrome who underwent isolated elective valve-sparing aortic root replacement. The median age of patients was 30 years (20-41), and 47 were male (70%). The cardiopulmonary time was 157.5 (145.8-178.3) min, and aortic clamp time was 117.0 ± 19.8 min. The in-hospital mortality and stroke rates were both 0%. Follow-up was 100% complete. Survival at 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 years were 100%, 100%, 93%, 89%, and 85%, respectively. Freedom from aortic arch reoperation due to aneurysm at 1, 5, 10, 15, and 20 years was 100%, 100%, 100%, 100%, and 95%, respectively. In follow-up, no patient required aortic arch replacement due to aortic arch aneurysm. A total of 3 patients underwent aortic arch replacement for type B aortic dissection. Of these 3 patients, 1 had chronic type B dissection with aortic aneurysm, and 2 had acute type B dissection. Conclusions The long-term results after valve-sparing aortic root replacement with a straight tube graft (David I procedure) in Marfan patients are excellent. Our study shows that the risk for future aortic arch intervention after elective valve sparing aortic root replacement in Marfan patients is extremely low. Hence, our study supports the idea that concomitant prophylactic aortic arch replacement during elective valve sparing aortic root replacement in Marfan patients with non-aneurysmal aortic arch is not necessary.

Objective Acute aortic dissection type A (AADA) is a condition that affects both genders and requires urgent surgical intervention as non-operative treatment is often associated with a poor prognosis. Studies have proven that less aggressive surgical treatments influence the outcome for female patients in the fields of several diseases. The purpose of this study was to report and analyze our results in the selective cohort of female patients with AADA to detect differences in the treatment of this group of patients. Methods Between January 2000 and July 2018, 141 adult female patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD) underwent repair of the aorta in our department. A total of 75 patients received a proximal arch. replacement (group A), and 66 patients received a subtotal (replacement of the brachiocephalic trunk) and/or total arch. replacement with elephant trunk or frozen elephant trunk (group B). Results The median age in group A was 70.7 years (range 60.7–74.7 years) and in group B 66.3 years (range 55.6–71.3 years). Operation times were significantly longer in group B (total operation time: A = 286.9 min (range 225.0–341.0 min), B = 341 min (range 266.0–392 min), p = .003; cardiopulmonary bypass time: A = 189.0 min (range 139.0–138 min), B = 238 min (range 176.8–300.5 min), p < .001; circulatory arrest time: A = 27.0 min (range 21.0–37.0 min), B = 42.0 min (range 32.0–56.3 min), p < .001). There were no significant differences between the groups regarding 30-day mortality (A = 24% ( n = 18), B = 19.7% ( n = 13), p = .538) and rate of reoperation (A = 13.3% ( n = 10), B = 15.2% ( n = 10), p = .757) or the preoperative characteristics. Conclusion Our study showed no significant difference in mortality rate depending on the type of operation. Based on these results, a proximal arch. replacement should be considered as the first line of operation technique if the individual situation allows. For inexperienced clinics and surgeons in particular, we recommend limited aortic repair in patients with AADA. Finally, location of the intimal tear remains the essential factor for the evaluation of the surgical treat.

Background: Optimum timing of surgery for severe primary mitral regurgitation (MR) particularly in the absence of significant symptoms or echo evidence of LV impairment remains unclear. Other modalities of assessment include cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and novel echo measurements, such as LV global longitudinal strain (LVGLS). We sought to evaluate whether pre-op CPET or LVGLS are associated with survival after surgery. Methods: We identified consecutive patients who had surgery for severe primary MR between 2007 and 2017 and had pre-op CPET. Clinical and mortality data were collected from chart review and our institutional database. LVGLS was retrospectively collected by a single person blinded to patient outcomes. Primary outcome was post surgery all cause death, and we used univariable analysis to identify variables associated with all cause death. Results: We included 176 patients with median age 63 (IQR 51, 71) years, 63 patients (35.8%) were female and 31 patients (14.8%) had a history of atrial fibrillation. 165 patients (93.8%) had mitral repair, 18 (10.2%) had concomitant CABG, 22 (12.5%) had concomitant ablation procedure and 14 (8.0%) had concomitant tricuspid procedure. 114 patients (64.8%) were in NYHA Class I and 56 (31.8%) were in NYHA Class II. There was no operative mortality. Median % predicted peak VO2 (ppVO2) was 89 (74, 101), median ventilatory equivalent of carbon dioxide (VE/VCO2) was 28.0 (25.7, 31.0) l/min/l/min and median respiratory exchange ratio was 1.2 (1.1, 1.2). 73 patients (41.5%) had abnormal CPET (defined as ppVO2<85%). Median LVEF was 65 (60, 68) %, median LVESD was 35 (32, 38) mm and median LVGLS was 18.5 (16.6, 20.3) %. 45 patients (25.9%) had abnormal LVEF (defined as ≤ 60%), 11 patients (6.7%) had abnormal LVESD (defined as ≥45mm) and 35 patients (20.8%) had abnormal LVGLS (defined as <16%). At a median follow up of 10.2 (6.8, 13.2) years, there were 19 (10.8%) deaths. In the univariate analysis, age at surgery (HR 1.12, p<0.001), LVESD (HR 1.11, p=0.009), LVGLS (HR 1.11, p=0.013) and VE/VCO2 (HR 1.08, p=0.044) were associated with all cause mortality. Conclusion: A significant proportion of patients with no or mild symptoms exhibit echocardiographic evidence of LV impairment when having surgery for severe primary MR. CPET parameters such as VE/VCO2 and novel echocardiographic measurements such as LVGLS may predict risk of long term mortality and potentially inform timing of surgery in these patients.

Abstract OBJECTIVES Acute aortic dissection type A (AADA) is a life-threatening medical emergency. Emergent surgical repair is the gold standard but mortality remains high. Mortality is even higher in patients who arrive at the hospital in poor condition, especially after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). This study was designed to analyse the outcome of patients who underwent surgery for AADA and who require preoperative CPR. METHODS Between 2000 and 2023, 810 patients underwent emergent surgery for AADA at our centre. Of these, 63 had preoperative CPR. We performed a retrospective analysis with follow-up. RESULTS Mean age was 64 ± 13 years and 37 (59%) patients were male. Further, 50 (79%) patients had preoperative intubation, and 54 (86%) had pericardial effusion. Twenty-four (38%) patients had out-of-hospital CPR, 19 (30%) required CPR in hospital and 20 (32%) needed CPR in the operating room. Successful CPR with return of spontaneous circulation was achieved in 41 (65%) patients, and 22 (35%) underwent emergent surgery under ongoing CPR. The median time of CPR was 10 (interquartile range 12) min, and the median time from onset of symptoms to start of the operation was 5.5 (interquartile range 4.8) h. The majority of patients underwent ascending aortic replacement with hemiarch repair (n = 37, 59%). Further, 26 (41%) patients underwent full root replacement. Another 15 (24%) patients underwent total arch repair with or without (frozen) elephant trunk repair. Postoperative stroke was present in 8 (13%) patients. The 30-day mortality was 29 (46%). The 30-day mortality of patients with preoperative intubation was not significantly higher (n = 15/28, 54%, P = 0.446). The 1-, 5- and 10-year survival rates of the entire group were 42, 39 and 36%. CONCLUSIONS Early mortality for patients undergoing surgery for AADA with preoperative CPR is extremely high (almost 50%). However, this means that also ∼50% of patients benefit from surgery despite poor preoperative prognosis. Patients with preoperative intubation after CPR and unknown neurological condition should also undergo surgery. Patients who survive the initial operation for AADA have acceptable long-term survival. Emergent surgery should be offered for all patients with AADA regardless of the preoperative condition, even after CPR.

Abstract OBJECTIVES Acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) remains a highly life-threatening condition. This study investigates factors associated with fatal ATAAD prior to surgical treatment. METHODS We reviewed autopsy reports of ATAAD decedents who died before surgical intervention and underwent postmortem examination at our clinic from 1994 to 2022. RESULTS Among 94 eligible cases, 50 (53.2%) decedents had DeBakey type I dissection, and 44 (46.8%) had DeBakey type II dissection. Most were males, 63 (67%), and 72 (77%) had a history of hypertension. The median age was 70.5 years, and the type II group was a decade older than the type I group (P &lt; 0.001). Decedents in the type II group predominantly died during the first hour after symptoms onset 16 (52%), while in the type I group, fatalities occurred between 1 h and 1 day, 27 (66%). The most common site of the intimal tear was the midportion of the ascending aorta, 45 (48%). The median ascending aorta size was 5 cm for the entire cohort, 5.2 cm for type I and 4.6 cm for type II (P &lt; 0.045). CONCLUSIONS In this autopsy study of fatal acute aortic dissection, the median aortic size was below the current guideline threshold for elective repair. Type II acute aortic dissections were found more frequently than expected and were characterized by older age, advanced aortic atherosclerosis, smaller aortic size, a shorter interval from symptom onset to death and a higher frequency of syncope compared to type I dissection.

Objective To describe differences between North America and Europe in the perioperative management of patients undergoing surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). Methods Patients with moderate or greater aortic stenosis or regurgitation requiring SAVR were enrolled in a prospective observational cohort evaluating the safety and efficacy of a new stented bioprosthesis at 25 centres in North America (Canada and the USA) and 13 centres in Europe (Germany, the Netherlands, France, the UK, Switzerland and Italy). While all patients underwent implantation with the same bioprosthetic model, perioperative management was left to the discretion of participating centres. Perioperative care was described in detail including outcomes up to 1-year follow-up. Results Among 1118 patients, 643 (58%) were implanted in North America, and 475 (42%) were implanted in Europe. Patients in Europe were older, had a lower body mass index, less bicuspid disease and worse degree of aortic stenosis at baseline. In Europe, anticoagulant therapy at discharge was more aggressive, whereas length of stay was longer, and discharges directly to home were less common. Rehospitalisation risk was lower in Europe at 30 days (8.5% vs 15.9%) but converged at 1-year follow-up (26.5% vs 28.1%). Within continents, there were major differences between individual countries concerning perioperative management. Conclusion Contemporary perioperative management of SAVR patients varies between North America and Europe in patient selection, procedural techniques, antithrombotic regimen and discharge management. Furthermore, rehospitalisation differed largely between continents and countries. Hence, geographical setting must be considered during design and interpretation of trials on SAVR. Trial registration number NCT02088554.

Introduction Acute type A aortic dissection (ATAAD) is one of the most critical emergencies in cardiovascular surgery. Additional complications such as organ malperfusion can significantly decrease the chances of survival. Despite promptly performed surgical treatment, impaired organ perfusion may persist, thus close postoperative monitoring is recommended. But, is there a surgical consequence due to the existence of a preoperatively known malperfusion and is there a correlation between pre-, peri- and postoperative levels of serum lactate and proven malperfusion? Methods Between 2011 and 2018, 200 patients (66% male; median age: 62.5 years; interquartile range: +/−12.4 years) that received surgical treatment at our institution for an acute dissection DeBakey type I were enrolled in this study. The cohort was divided into two groups according to the preoperative existence of malperfusion and non-malperfusion. At least one kind of malperfusion occurred in 74 patients (Group A: 37%), while 126 patients (Group B: 63%) showed no evidence of malperfusion. Furthermore, lactate levels of both cohorts were differentiated into four periods: preoperative, intraoperative, 24 hours after surgery, and 2–4 days after surgery. Results The patients’ status differed significantly prior to surgery. Group A (malperfusion) showed an elevated requirement for mechanical resuscitation (A: 10.8%; B: 5.6%; p: 0.173), were significantly more often admitted in an intubated state (A: 14.9%; B: 2.4%; p: 0.001) and showed higher incidences of stroke (A: 18.9% ( n = 149); B: 3.2% ( n = 4); p: 0.001). Levels of serum lactate from the preoperative period until days 2–4 were significantly increased in the malperfusion cohort at all times. Conclusions Preexisting malperfusion due to ATAAD may significantly increase the chance of early mortality in patients with ATAAD. Serum lactate levels were a reliable marker for inadequate perfusion from admission until day 4 after surgery. Despite this, early intervention survival in this cohort remains limited.