Kostallari, Enis

Background and Aims: Liver fibrosis and cirrhosis are major global health burdens with limited treatments. Activated HSCs drive fibrosis through increased proliferation, migration, collagen deposition and glycolysis. The aim of this study is to elucidate the signaling events that lead to enhanced glycolysis, subsequent HSC activation, and liver fibrosis. Approach and Results: Utilizing a phospho-kinase array, we identified with no lysine kinase 1 (WNK1) as a new kinase in primary human HSCs activated by the profibrotic PDGF-B. PDGF-mediated glycolysis in HSCs was attenuated by the WNK1 selective inhibitor, WNK-IN-11, as measured by live-cell metabolic assay, Glifon-300 fluorescence, Glucose-Glo assay, and glucose transporter 1 immunofluorescence. To understand how WNK1 promotes glycolysis, we employed chemical genetics where an engineered WNK1 carrying threonine 301 to glycine mutation (WNK1 T301G ) mutant with a modified ATP pocket accommodated a specific ATP-γ-S analogue to thio-phosphorylate its substrates. Thio-phosphorylated proteins were analyzed by mass spectrometry, which identified the glycolytic protein, triosephosphate isomerase 1 (TPI1), as a novel WNK1 direct substrate. TPI1 interacted with WNK1 in condensates, membrane-less phase separation structures. Condensate disruption and knockdown of TPI1 or WNK1 reduced HSC proliferation and migration in vitro. In vivo, pharmacological or genetic WNK1 inhibition significantly attenuated liver fibrosis in carbon tetrachloride and high-fat, choline-deficient, L -amino acid diet mouse models. Finally, WNK1 inhibition reduced fibrogenesis ex vivo in human precision-cut liver slices. Conclusions: These findings identify WNK1 as a previously unrecognized kinase that promotes HSC activation and liver fibrosis via TPI1-mediated glycolysis, highlighting the WNK1-TPI1 axis as a potential therapeutic target.

In metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis (MASH), liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) acquire a proinflammatory phenotype termed lipotoxic endotheliopathy. We previously identified glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) as a central signaling hub in LSECs during MASH. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms and functional outcome of lipotoxicity-induced GSK3β activation in LSECs, we utilized endothelial cell–specific Gsk3 β -KO ( Gsk3 β ΔEnd ) mice fed MASH-inducing diets. Endothelial Gsk3 β deletion significantly reduced markers of lipotoxic endotheliopathy, including adhesion molecules and chemokines, alongside liver injury, inflammation, and fibrosis. Immune profiling via flow cytometry and mass cytometry by time of flight (CyTOF) identified decreased hepatic infiltration of proinflammatory myeloid populations, particularly mature DCs in Gsk3 β ΔEnd mice. In a coculture system, GSK3β in lipotoxic LSECs promoted DCs maturation. Mechanistically, GSK3 inhibition restored lipotoxicity-induced alterations in LSEC mitochondrial morphology and respiration by regulating AMP-activated protein kinase and dynamin-related protein 1. This rescue suppressed chemokine and adhesion molecule expression, thereby limiting immune cell recruitment. Collectively, under lipotoxic stress, GSK3β amplifies mitochondrial dysfunction and inflammatory signaling in LSECs, enhancing myeloid cell homing and DC maturation. Targeting LSEC GSK3β may, therefore, represent a promising therapeutic strategy to mitigate LSEC-driven fibroinflammatory response in human MASH.

Background and Aims: Unresolved inflammation and fibrosis are defining features of metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis (MASH), a progressive form of steatotic liver disease that can advance to cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. While innate immune mechanisms in MASH have been extensively characterized, the role of CD4 + T cells remains poorly understood despite their central function in orchestrating immune responses through effector and regulatory mechanisms. Approach and Results: Integrated single-cell proteomic, transcriptomic, and functional analyses were used to investigate the CD4 + T-cell landscape in murine and human MASH. We delineated a profound shift in the differentiation of intrahepatic and peripheral CD4 + T cells toward Th1, regulatory, and cytotoxic phenotypes in murine and human MASH. Notably, hepatic CD4 + T cells exhibited heightened effector activity and elevated secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, thus amplifying inflammatory signaling cascades. The CD4 + T-cell reprogramming in MASH also included the induction of the co-stimulatory receptor OX40. In parallel, OX40 ligand (OX40L)-expressing monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells accumulated in MASH livers, establishing a feed-forward CD4 + T cell-myeloid activation loop. Therapeutic blockade of the OX40–OX40L axis, in turn, reversed liver pathology in mice with established MASH and reduced disease markers in an ex vivo human liver model. Furthermore, genetic depletion or functional inhibition of CD4 + T cells attenuated fibrosis, accompanied by decreased infiltration of monocyte-derived macrophages. Conclusions: These studies provide a comprehensive single-cell proteogenomic atlas of CD4 + T cells in MASH and identify an OX40-dependent CD4 + T cell-macrophage axis as a promising therapeutic target for the treatment of MASH and liver fibrosis.

Background and Aims: Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) acquire a proinflammatory phenotype in metabolic dysfunction–associated steatohepatitis (MASH), characterized by enhanced expression of adhesion molecules and inflammatory mediators, a process termed lipotoxic endotheliopathy. However, the molecular drivers of this transformation remain incompletely defined. Approach and Results: We employed complementary models of lipotoxicity and MASH, including palmitate-treated primary human LSECs (in vitro), cultured precision-cut liver slices (PCLS) from MASH mice and normal human liver treated with MASH-inducing media (ex vivo), and diet-induced MASH models (in vivo). GeoMx digital spatial profiling of human MASH livers revealed enriched proinflammatory and fibrogenic signaling between LSECs and myeloid cells. Among the top upregulated genes and ligand–receptor pairs was ICAM1 , whose expression correlated with disease severity and was increased in human MASH by immunostaining. ATAC-seq on primary mouse LSECs showed enhanced chromatin accessibility at the Icam1 promoter in MASH. Chromatin immunoprecipitation confirmed enrichment of the active epigenetic mark H3K27ac and BRD4 binding at the ICAM1 promoter in human LSECs under lipotoxic stress. Mechanistically, we identified the GSK3β/c-Jun/BRD4 axis as a key regulator of ICAM1 induction in LSECs. In vivo, ICAM1-neutralizing antibody or endothelial-specific epigenetic suppression reduced hepatic inflammation, injury, and fibrosis in MASH mice. Conclusions: ICAM1 is epigenetically upregulated in LSECs during lipotoxic stress and promotes myeloid cell recruitment in MASH. Targeting the epigenetic regulation of ICAM1 may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for treating human MASH.

Liver macrophages are central in maintaining hepatic homeostasis and mediating immune responses during liver injury, including fibrosis. Macrophages may have proinflammatory or antiinflammatory properties, but which properties influence fibrosis remains unclear. To explore the role of macrophages in liver fibrosis, we performed single-cell RNA-seq in a mouse model of liver injury and found that macrophage diversity was increased. Marco was among the most significantly upregulated genes, and a population of Marco hi macrophages increased with injury and spatially segregated to nonfibrotic areas. The macrophage receptor with collagenous structure (MARCO) protein is a scavenger receptor expressed by specific subsets of macrophages, and its role in liver fibrosis is unclear. In vitro induction of Marco in bone marrow–derived macrophages decreased proinflammatory gene expression, increased antiinflammatory and antifibrotic gene expression, and enhanced phagocytosis, indicating a restorative phenotype. Adoptive transfer of MARCO + macrophages in a mouse model of liver fibrosis reduced the expression of extracellular matrix–associated (ECM-associated) genes in hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and reduced collagen deposition, which did not occur with the transfer of MARCO – macrophages. Therefore, MARCO + macrophages have a tissue restorative role in the liver and attenuate fibrogenesis through interaction with HSCs, thereby providing a potential therapeutic pathway for liver fibrosis.

Abstract Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane‐bound nanoparticles released by cells and are an important means of intercellular communication in physiological and pathological states. We provide an overview of recent advances in the understanding of EV biogenesis, cargo selection, recipient cell effects, and key considerations in isolation and characterization techniques. Studies on the physiological role of EVs have relied on cell‐based model systems due to technical limitations of studying endogenous nanoparticles in vivo . Several recent studies have elucidated the mechanistic role of EVs in liver diseases, including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, viral hepatitis, cholestatic liver disease, alcohol‐associated liver disease, acute liver injury, and liver cancers. Employing disease models and human samples, the biogenesis of lipotoxic EVs downstream of endoplasmic reticulum stress and microvesicles via intracellular activation stress signaling are discussed in detail. The diverse cargoes of EVs including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids can be enriched in a disease‐specific manner. By carrying diverse cargo, EVs can directly confer pathogenic potential, for example, recruitment and activation of monocyte‐derived macrophages in NASH and tumorigenicity and chemoresistance in hepatocellular carcinoma. We discuss the pathogenic role of EVs cargoes and the signaling pathways activated by EVs in recipient cells. We review the literature that EVs can serve as biomarkers in hepatobiliary diseases. Further, we describe novel approaches to engineer EVs to deliver regulatory signals to specific cell types, and thus use them as therapeutic shuttles in liver diseases. Lastly, we identify key lacunae and future directions in this promising field of discovery and development. © 2023 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 13:4631‐4658, 2023.

Abstract Senescent cells drive tissue dysfunction through the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). We uncovered a central role for mitochondria in the epigenetic regulation of the SASP, where mitochondrial-derived metabolites, specifically citrate and acetyl-CoA, fuel histone acetylation at SASP gene loci, promoting their expression. We identified the mitochondrial citrate carrier (SLC25A1) and ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) as critical for this process. Inhibiting these pathways selectively suppresses SASP without affecting cell cycle arrest, highlighting their potential as therapeutic targets for age-related inflammation. Notably, SLC25A1 inhibition reduces systemic inflammation and extends healthspan in aged mice, establishing mitochondrial metabolism as pivotal to the epigenetic control of aging.

Progression of liver disease is dependent on intercellular signaling, including those mediated by extracellular vesicles (EVs). Within these EVs, microRNAs (miRNAs) are packaged to selectively silence gene expression in recipient cells for upregulating or downregulating a specific pathway. Injured hepatocytes secrete EV-associated miRNAs which can be taken up by liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, immune cells, hepatic stellate cells, and other cell types. In addition, these recipient cells will secrete their own EV-associated miRNAs to propagate a response throughout the tissue and the circulation. In this review, we comment on the implications of EV-miRNAs in the progression of alcohol-associated liver disease, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, viral and parasitic infections, liver fibrosis, and liver malignancies. We summarize how circulating miRNAs can be used as biomarkers and the potential of utilizing EVs and miRNAs as therapeutic methods to treat liver disease.