Borad, Mitesh J.

INTRODUCTION: Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is a primary liver malignancy with poor prognosis. Current prognostic methods are most accurate for patients with surgically resectable disease. However, a significant proportion of patients with iCCA are not surgical candidates. We aimed to develop a generalizable staging system based on clinical variables to determine prognosis of all patients with iCCA. METHODS: The derivation cohort included 436 patients with iCCA seen between 2000 and 2011. For external validation, 249 patients with iCCA seen from 2000 to 2014 were enrolled. Survival analysis was performed to identify prognostic predictors. All-cause mortality was the primary end point. RESULTS: Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group status, tumor number, tumor size, metastasis, albumin, and carbohydrate antigen 19-9 were incorporated into a 4-stage algorithm. Kaplan-Meier estimates for 1-year survival were 87.1% (95% confidence interval [CI] 76.1–99.7), 72.7% (95% CI 63.4–83.4), 48.0% (95% CI 41.2–56.0), and 16% (95% CI 11–23.5), respectively, for stages I, II, III, and IV. Univariate analysis yielded significant differences in risk of death for stages II (hazard ratio [HR] 1.71; 95% CI 1.0–2.8), III (HR 3.32; 95% CI 2.07–5.31), and IV (HR 7.44; 95% CI 4.61–12.01) compared with stage I (reference). Concordance indices showed the new staging system was superior to the TNM staging for predicting mortality in the derivation cohort, P < 0.0001. In the validation cohort, however, the difference between the 2 staging systems was not significant. DISCUSSION: The proposed independently validated staging system uses nonhistopathologic data to successfully stratify patients into 4 stages. This staging system has better prognostic accuracy compared with the TNM staging and can assist physicians and patients in treatment of iCCA.

Fibroblast growth factor receptor 2 (FGFR2) inhibitors are now being included in the treatment guidelines of multiple countries for patients with advanced cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). Activation of the FGF–FGFR pathway is related to proliferation and tumor progression. Targeting the FGF–FGFR pathway is effective and can yield durable responses in patients with CCA harboring FGFR2 fusions or rearrangements. In this review article, we address molecules and clinical trials evaluating FGFR inhibitors in advanced CCA. We will further discuss identified mechanisms of resistance and the strategies to overcome it. The incorporation of next-generation sequencing in advanced CCA and circulating tumor DNA on disease progression will unveil mechanisms of resistance and improve the development of future clinical trials and more selective drugs and combinations.

502 Background: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is an epithelial malignancy of the intrahepatic or extrahepatic biliary tree, primarily driven by chronic inflammation and fibrosis. Given fibrosis has shown to correlate with malignancy and the aminotransferase-platelet ratio index (APRI) score, a marker for hepatic fibrosis, has shown to be useful in prognosticating hepatocellular carcinoma, this study aimed to assess the utility of APRI score in prognosticating post-surgical outcomes in CCA patients. Methods: 152 CCA patients at the Mayo Clinic that underwent surgical resection were retrospectively analyzed. Statistical analyses were then conducted to determine the relationship between APRI score and demographic factors, laboratory values (CA19-9, albumin, bilirubin, INR, alkaline Phosphatase, ALT, AST, and platelet count), pathology features, and outcome data. Results: When looking at demographic factors, no relationship between APRI score and age (r = -0.19, p = 0.02), sex (2-sample t-test p = 0.16) and race (ANOVA p = 0.81) were identified. There was a negative correlation between APRI score and albumin (m = -0.35, r = -0.35, p < 0.01) and a positive correlation with bilirubin (m = 0.13, r = 0.23, p = 0.01) and ALT (m = 0.01, r = 0.47, p < 0.01). No correlation between the other laboratory values analyzed was identified. Similarly, there was no relationship between APRI score and pathology features (tumor grade t-test p = 0.41, N Stage ANOVA p = 0.94, Vascular Invasion t-test p = 0.59, and Perineural invasion t-test p = 0.14), except for T3 stage which had a higher APRI score compared to T1, T2, and T4 (ANOVA p = 0.01). Likewise, APRI also did not correlate with post-surgical outcomes like recurrence (t-test p = 0.22) and mortality (t-test p = 0.39). Conclusions: In summary, despite being driven by chronic inflammation, APRI score, a marker for hepatic inflammation and a surrogate for liver fibrosis, did not serve as a reliable prognostication tool of post-surgical outcomes in CCA patients. These data suggest that although chronic inflammation is thought to be one of the primary drivers of disease, the role of other factors such as genetic and cellular signaling abnormalities may play a more prominent role in patients with CCA. In conclusion, APRI score did not serve as a useful prognostication tool in surgically resected CCA patients. Future studies should focus on other prognostic factors such as genomic and transcriptomic biomarkers in CCA.

Genome-wide fragmentation patterns in cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in plasma are strongly influenced by cellular origin due to variation in chromatin accessibility across cell types. Such differences between healthy and cancer cells provide the opportunity for development of novel cancer diagnostics. Here, we investigated whether analysis of cfDNA fragment end positions and their surrounding DNA sequences reveals the presence of tumor-derived DNA in blood. We performed genome-wide analysis of cfDNA from 521 samples and analyzed sequencing data from an additional 2147 samples, including healthy individuals and patients with 11 different cancer types. We developed a metric based on genome-wide differences in fragment positioning, weighted by fragment length and GC content [information-weighted fraction of aberrant fragments (iwFAF)]. We observed that iwFAF strongly correlated with tumor fraction, was higher for DNA fragments carrying somatic mutations, and was higher within genomic regions affected by copy number amplifications. We also calculated sample-level means of nucleotide frequencies observed at genomic positions spanning fragment ends. Using a combination of iwFAF and nine nucleotide frequencies from three positions surrounding fragment ends, we developed a machine learning model to differentiate healthy individuals from patients with cancer. We observed an area under the receiver operative characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.91 for detection of cancer at any stage and an AUC of 0.87 for detection of stage I cancer. Our findings remained robust with as few as 1 million fragments analyzed per sample, demonstrating that analysis of fragment ends can become a cost-effective and accessible approach for cancer detection and monitoring.

Abstract Several vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV)-based oncolytic therapies have advanced to phase II clinical trials for treatment of solid tumors. As most antibodies produced after VSV infection are directed towards the surface glycoprotein (G), switching this G-protein of VSV to that of a novel virus could enable repeat dosing in cancer patients by evading adaptive immunity. We aim to study whether a hybrid virus expressing the G-protein of a closely related and non-pathogenic vesiculovirus exhibited oncolytic efficacy across sarcoma models. We compared cytotoxic effect of VSV, VX1 (wild-type novel virus), and VxG (hybrid) post infection in sarcoma lines. We quantified viral progeny production over time and compared real-time rate of viral-induced apoptosis. Sarcoma lines were tested for production of type-I interferon (IFN) and protection from VxG-induced cell death by exogenous IFNβ. We completed in vivo efficacy studies of intratumoral administration of VxG in xenograft and syngeneic models. From syngeneic tumors, we performed immunophenotyping on residual tumors treated with VxG compared to controls. VxG was observed to be well tolerated and efficacious. In a xenograft model, a single low-dose administration of VxG completely inhibited tumor growth compared to controls. Lower tumor burden was observed in syngeneic tumors treated with VxG compared to controls. Comparisons of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes between residual VxG treated and control tumors will be completed. We conclude that the novel hybrid virus VxG has potent oncolytic effects in multiple models of sarcoma and low toxicity in immunocompetent mice. Future endeavors will focus on improved viral engineering and further pre-clinical studies. Supported by the Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences

PURPOSE This randomized, open-label trial compared the efficacy and safety of adjuvant nab-paclitaxel + gemcitabine with those of gemcitabine for resected pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01964430 ). METHODS We assigned 866 treatment-naive patients with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma to nab-paclitaxel (125 mg/m 2 ) + gemcitabine (1,000 mg/m 2 ) or gemcitabine alone to one 30-40 infusion on days 1, 8, and 15 of six 28-day cycles. The primary end point was independently assessed disease-free survival (DFS). Additional end points included investigator-assessed DFS, overall survival (OS), and safety. RESULTS Two hundred eighty-seven of 432 patients and 310 of 434 patients completed nab-paclitaxel + gemcitabine and gemcitabine treatment, respectively. At primary data cutoff (December 31, 2018; median follow-up, 38.5 [interquartile range [IQR], 33.8-43 months), the median independently assessed DFS was 19.4 ( nab-paclitaxel + gemcitabine) versus 18.8 months (gemcitabine; hazard ratio [HR], 0.88; 95% CI, 0.729 to 1.063; P = .18). The median investigator-assessed DFS was 16.6 (IQR, 8.4-47.0) and 13.7 (IQR, 8.3-44.1) months, respectively (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.694 to 0.965; P = .02). The median OS (427 events; 68% mature) was 40.5 (IQR, 20.7 to not reached) and 36.2 (IQR, 17.7-53.3) months, respectively (HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.680 to 0.996; P = .045). At a 16-month follow-up (cutoff, April 3, 2020; median follow-up, 51.4 months [IQR, 47.0-57.0]), the median OS (511 events; 81% mature) was 41.8 ( nab-paclitaxel + gemcitabine) versus 37.7 months (gemcitabine; HR, 0.82; 95% CI, 0.687 to 0.973; P = .0232). At the 5-year follow-up (cutoff, April 9, 2021; median follow-up, 63.2 months [IQR, 60.1-68.7]), the median OS (555 events; 88% mature) was 41.8 versus 37.7 months, respectively (HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.678 to 0.947; P = .0091). Eighty-six percent ( nab-paclitaxel + gemcitabine) and 68% (gemcitabine) of patients experienced grade ≥ 3 treatment-emergent adverse events. Two patients per study arm died of treatment-emergent adverse events. CONCLUSION The primary end point (independently assessed DFS) was not met despite favorable OS seen with nab-paclitaxel + gemcitabine.

Abstract Diffuse gliomas are aggressive brain tumors that lack effective therapies. Despite advances in the molecular characterization of gliomas, targeted treatments have failed to improve patient outcomes to date. Here, we employed a functional genomics approach to rapidly identify therapeutic vulnerabilities and provide a strategy to individualize patient treatment. Our process combined comprehensive genomic and transcriptomic tumor profiling, custom algorithms and visualization software for data integration, and preclinical 3-dimensional ex vivo models (mcancers) for drug screening to assess response to therapeutic agents targeting specific molecular alterations. A total of 32 cases, including 5 oligodendrogliomas (1 primary and 4 recurrent), 5 astrocytomas (1 primary and 4 recurrent), and 22 glioblastomas (5 primary and 17 recurrent), were included in the study. Immunohistochemistry and integrated genomics confirmed that mcancers maintain key molecular alterations, including mutations, chromosomal rearrangements and focal amplifications, cellularity, and heterogeneity, faithfully recapitulating the original tumor. A total of 119 single drugs and 183 combinations were tested, including a panel of 26-brain penetrant targeted agents (18 single drugs and 8 combinations) that was curated to target common glioma oncogenic pathways and was tested across all cases. A strong correlation was observed between therapeutic vulnerabilities of glioma mcancers to targeted agents (EGFR, MET, PDGFR, HDAC inhibitors, etc.) and clinical experience. Single agent activity of panel compounds in the ex vivo setting was generally poor, with only 35% mCancers exhibiting &gt; 70% growth inhibition at Cmax. In contrast, combination strategies, especially ones including epigenetic drugs, were significantly more effective (affecting 22 out of 32 mCancers), underscoring the molecular complexity of gliomas and the need for clinical trials testing combination treatments. Our data identified a number of novel combination treatments with significant efficacy across glioma subtypes and molecular profiles, suggesting that our functional genomics pipeline can guide treatment selection and inform clinical trial enrollment for gliomas.