Adeyi, Oyedele

Abstract The liver is organized into tightly regulated zones with distinct metabolic functions but zonation erodes with age. Cellular senescence contributes to aging and liver diseases, however, its impact on aging biology is ill-defined. As part of The Cellular Senescence Network Consortium, we used multiple spatial transcriptomics approaches (GeoMx, Visium, CosMx) with snRNA-seq to profile senescence signatures, zonation markers, and metabolic pathways in livers from wild-type (WT) mice of multiple ages. We observed a loss of canonical zone signatures in aged mouse livers characterized by “expansion” of midlobular (zone 2) marker gene expression, accompanied by diminished expression of zone 3 marker genes by middle-age (18 months), indicative of loss of cell identity. Multiple analytic approaches identified distinct age-, zone- and sex-specific senescence signatures, which were significantly associated with zonation markers changes. This was recapitulated in Ercc1 mutant models of accelerated senescence, supporting a causal role of senescent cells in liver aging. A “no-zone” hepatocyte-like cluster expanded with age and with the strongest Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP) profile. Gene expression profiles from senescent hepatocytes implicate decreased WNT signaling and increased BMP as contributing to age-related loss of zonation. Together, these data elucidate the role of senescent cells in driving aging biology in non-diseased liver through disruption of cell:cell signaling and the loss of metabolic and cell identity gene expression necessary for hepatocyte function.

ABSTRACT Drug-induced autoimmune-like hepatitis represents a distinct phenotype of drug-induced liver injury characterized by clinical, biochemical, and/or histological features resembling autoimmune hepatitis. We present a case of severe Isoniazid (INH) -induced drug-induced autoimmune-like hepatitis in a 62-year-old man with a dramatic response to corticosteroid therapy after INH discontinuation alone proved insufficient. Initial laboratory tests showed markedly elevated transaminases and profound hyperbilirubinemia. Despite INH discontinuation, his clinical condition did not improve. Liver biopsy revealed severe acute hepatitis with interface hepatitis, lymphoplasmacytic infiltration, and multiple foci of lobular confluent necrosis. Prednisone therapy led to rapid clinical improvement and normalization of liver biochemistries over 3 months.

AimsWe compiled two cohorts of colorectal adenosquamous carcinoma (ASC) to describe its histologic and molecular aspects using modern parameters to compare them with literature reports using meta‐analysis of cohorts and individual case series.Methods and ResultsWe identified 53 colorectal ASC from 19 North American academic medical centres, in addition to national database reports on 94 Dutch cases. We analysed available clinical, histologic, and immunohistochemical features and patient outcome. ASC comprised 0.02% of colorectal cancers in the Dutch database. The median cohort patient ages at resection were 65 and 69 years (North American and Dutch cohorts, respectively), with a roughly equal male:female ratio. The squamous component represented between 5% and 95% of each tumour, with a median of 50%. Tumour‐infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) were generally low (66%), and tumour budding was often Bd1 (64%). Most cases were pT3 (55%) or pT4 (40%), with nodal metastases in more than half (58%). Twenty‐three cases (43%) metastasized distantly, most commonly to the liver. Mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency was identified in 34% of the cases. Follow‐up was available for 48 patients; 13 (27%) had recurrent disease and 29 (60%) died. A total of 31 patients progressed, with median time to progression of 18 months. Available data for the Dutch cohort revealed largely similar findings, as did review of cases in the literature.ConclusionColorectal ASC usually presents at an advanced stage. Despite high rates of MMR deficiency and low tumour budding, TILs were generally low, and there is a high recurrence rate and poor prognosis.

Abstract Background and Aims The NASH Clinical Research Network histologic scoring system, the gold‐standard NASH histology assessment for clinical trials, has demonstrated intrarater and interrater variability. An expert panel in a previous systematic Research and Development/University of California Los Angeles (RAND/UCLA) study determined that existing histologic scoring systems do not fully capture NASH disease activity and fibrosis, and standardized definitions of histologic features are needed. We evaluated the reliability of existing and alternate histologic measures and their correlations with a disease activity visual analog scale to propose optimal components for an expanded NAFLD activity score (NAS). Approach and Results Four liver pathologists who were involved in the prior RAND/UCLA study underwent standardized training and multiple discussions with the goal of improving agreement. They were blinded to clinical information and scored histologic measures twice, ≥2 weeks apart, for 40 liver biopsies representing the full spectrum of NAFLD. Index intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) estimates demonstrated intrarater (0.80–0.85) and interrater (0.60–0.72) reliability. Hepatocyte ballooning items had similar interrater ICCs (0.68–0.79), including those extending scores from 0–2 to 0–4. Steatosis measures (interrater ICCs, 0.72–0.80) correlated poorly with disease activity. Correlations with disease activity were largest for hepatocyte ballooning and Mallory‐Denk bodies (MDBs), with both used to develop the expanded NAS (intrarater ICC, 0.90; interrater ICC, 0.80). Fibrosis measures had ICCs of 0.70–0.87. Conclusions After extensive preparation among a group of experienced pathologists, we demonstrated improved reliability of multiple existing histologic NAFLD indices and fibrosis staging systems. Hepatocyte ballooning and MDBs most strongly correlated with disease activity and were used for the expanded NAS. Further validation including evaluation of responsiveness is required.