Citations

Abstract Celiac disease (CeD) is an immune-mediated condition driven by dietary gluten resulting in small intestinal mucosal inflammation and injury, along with myriads of symptoms. The only treatment is a lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD) and although most patients improve, the restriction can lead to nutrient deficiencies including fiber. While duodenal microbiota is altered in CeD, its fiber metabolic capacity is unknown. Here we show that both active and GFD-treated CeD patients had impaired microbial fiber metabolism in the small intestine which associates with depletion of the carbolytic taxa Prevotella spp. Colonization of germ-free mice with Prevotella spp increased small intestinal short chain fatty acids (SCFA). In gluten-sensitized mice expressing the celiac risk gene, HLA-DQ8, an inulin-supplemented diet facilitated microbial carbolytic function, SCFAs production and accelerated mucosal healing in the small intestine during GFD. The results support clinical investigations of dietary fiber supplementation and microbial carbolytic function to enhance responses to GFD in CeD.

Impaired AhR ligand production by the gut microbiota decreases AhR pathway activation, promoting inflammation in celiac disease.

ABSTRACT Microbiota-modulating strategies, including probiotic administration, have been tested for the treatment of chronic gastrointestinal diseases despite limited information regarding their mechanisms of action. We previously demonstrated that patients with active celiac disease have decreased duodenal expression of elafin, a human serine protease inhibitor, and supplementation of elafin by a recombinant Lactococcus lactis strain prevents gliadin-induced immunopathology in the NOD/DQ8 mouse model of gluten sensitivity. The commensal probiotic strain Bifidobacterium longum NCC2705 produces a serine protease inhibitor (Srp) that exhibits immune-modulating properties. Here, we demonstrate that B. longum NCC2705, but not a srp knockout mutant, attenuates gliadin-induced immunopathology and impacts intestinal microbial composition in NOD/DQ8 mice. Our results highlight the beneficial effects of a serine protease inhibitor produced by commensal B. longum strains. IMPORTANCE Probiotic therapies have been widely used to treat gastrointestinal disorders with variable success and poor mechanistic insight. Delivery of specific anti-inflammatory molecules has been limited to the use of genetically modified organisms, which has raised some public and regulatory concerns. By examining a specific microbial product naturally expressed by a commensal bacterial strain, we provide insight into a mechanistic basis for the use of B. longum NCC2705 to help treat gluten-related disorders.