Citations

Several new systemic therapy options have become available for patients with metastatic breast cancer, which have led to improvements in survival. In addition to patient and clinical factors, the treatment selection primarily depends on the tumor biology (hormone-receptor status and HER2-status). The NCCN Guidelines specific to the workup and treatment of patients with recurrent/stage IV breast cancer are discussed in this article.

Abstract Background: CRA is a surrogate for ovarian toxicity and associated risk of infertility and long-term menopausal symptoms. Therefore, it is important to assess and report the rate of CRA when we study a new neoadjuvant treatment regimen. In the Adjuvant Paclitaxel and Tratuzumab (APT) trial, we found that CRA rate associated with adjuvant TH (12 weeks of paclitaxel and a year of trastuzumab) for human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2)-positive breast cancer was lower than historically seen with cyclophosphamide-based regimens. The ATEMPT trial allowed a direct comparison of the CRA rate associated with TDM1 and TH. Methods: The ATEMPT trial randomized patients (pts) with Stage I HER2+ breast cancer 3:1 to T-DM1 3.6 mg/kg IV every 3 weeks (w) x17 vs. T 80 mg/m2 IV with H qw x 12 (4 mg/kg load →2 mg/kg), followed by H (6 mg/kg q3w x 13). Participants who reported that they were premenopausal at enrollment were asked to complete menstrual surveys at baseline and every 6-12 months throughout a 36 month follow-up period. For this analysis, CRA was defined as report of no menstruation within the prior six months on a survey completed 18 months after enrollment. Results: Of 512 ATEMPT enrollees, 497 began protocol therapy, 130 (26%) were premenopausal at enrollment and answered baseline menstrual questions, 42 of these 130 were excluded from the current analyses because they did not complete the 18-month survey, and 7 of the remaining 88 had received gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist before 18 months, leaving 81 for analysis. None had undergone hysterectomy or oophorectomy. Median age was 44 (range 23-53) among the TH patients (n=20), and 46 (range 34-54) among the T-DM1 patients (n=61). On the 18-month survey, 45% of women treated with TH reported at least one one episode of menses during the prior 6 months compared to 75% of women in the T-DM1 arm (p=0.011). Among those ≤ 40 years old, 50% of TH patients and 100% of T-DM1 patients reported menstruation at that timepoint. Please see Table for additional data in subgroups. Conclusions: In this relatively small sample, CRA at 18 months was less common after adjuvant T-DM1 than after TH (though even with TH, nearly half of women did menstruate after chemotherapy, even in the subset aged 41+). This will be reassuring to young patients with HER2-positive breast cancer who seek to maintain ovarian function. Larger studies are needed to confirm this finding and to assess a possible differential impact of these drugs on subgroups based on age, endocrine therapy, and body mass index. Additional research should also focus on menopausal symptoms and actual fertility after receipt of T-DM1. Menstruation in 61 T-DM1 arm patients with informative surveys at 18 monthsMenstruation in 20 TH arm patients with informative surveys at 18 monthsAge at study entry95% CI95% CI≤4012/12 (100%)74-100%4/8 (50%)16-84%41+34/49 (69%)55-82%5/12 (42%)15-72%BMI<3040/52 (77%)63-87%6/16 (38%)15-65%30+6/9 (67%)30-93%3/4 (75%)19-99%Endocrine therapy currentlyYes27/39 (69%)52-83%2/12 (17%)2-48%No19/22 (86%)65-97%7/9 (78%)40-97% Citation Format: Kathryn J. Ruddy, Lorenzo Trippa, Jiani Hu, William T. Barry, Chau T. Dang, Denise A. Yardley, Steven J. Isakoff, Vincente V. Valero, Meredith G. Faggen, Therese M. Mulvey, Ron Bose, Douglas J. Weckstein, Antonio C. Wolff, Katherine E. Reeder-Hayes, Hope S. Rugo, Bhuvaneswari Ramaswamy, Dan S. Zuckerman, Lowell L. Hart, Vijayakrishna K. Gadi, Michael Constantine, Kit L. Cheng, Frederick M. Briccetti, Bryan P. Schneider, A. Merrill Garrett, P. Kelly Marcom, Kathy S. Albain, Patricia A. DeFusco, Nadine M. Tung, Blair M. Ardman, Rita Nanda, Rachel C. Jankowitz, Michelle K. DeMeo, Harold J. Burstein, Eric P. Winer, Ian E. Krop, Ann H. Partridge, Sara M. Tolaney. Chemotherapy-related amenorrhea (CRA) after adjuvant trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) compared to paclitaxel in combination with trastuzumab (TH) (TBCRC033: ATEMPT trial) [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2019 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2019 Dec 10-14; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2020;80(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-13-02.

9508 Background: Chemotherapy-related amenorrhea (CRA) is associated with infertility and may impact treatment decision-making. We investigated whether anti-mullerian hormone (AMH) levels before chemotherapy predict likelihood of CRA. Methods: 591 patients enrolled on the quality of life substudy of ECOG5103, which randomized breast cancer patients to doxorubicin-cyclophosphamide followed by paclitaxel: 1) alone; 2) with concurrent bevacizumab; or 3) with prolonged bevacizumab. 144 of the 195 women who reported a period <12 months before enrollment consented to serum collection prior to chemotherapy. AMH was measured in 143 with available serum. Participants self-reported menstrual frequency at 12 and 18 months after enrollment. 12-month CRA was defined as no menses for 6 months before the 12-month survey, and 18-month CRA as no menses for 6 months before the 18-month survey. Fisher’s exact test was used to identify associations with CRA. Results: Of the 143, 16 were excluded due to bilateral oophorectomy or initiation of ovarian function suppression within 12 months, and 2 due to missing data at 12 months. In the remaining 125, median age at enrollment was 45 (range 25-55). 103 (82%) had CRA at 12 months, including 68% of patients </= 45 (43/63) and 97% of patients >45 (60/62). Median pre-chemotherapy AMH was 0.11 (range 0.01-8.63). 12-month CRA was more likely in women who received bevacizumab (p<0.01), were >45 (p<0.01), and had AMH </=0.11 (p<0.01) pre-treatment. Hormonal tx was not associated with 12-month CRA (p=0.63). 100 patients were eligible for 18-month CRA analysis: 81 (81%) had CRA, including 63% of patients </= 45 (33/52) and 100% (48/48) of patients >45. 18-month CRA was more likely in women >45 (p<0.01) and with AMH </=0.11 (p<0.01) pre-treatment. Bevacizumab (p=0.15) and hormonal tx (p=0.07) were not statistically significant predictors of 18-month CRA. Conclusions: Pre-chemotherapy AMH predicts risk of CRA at 12 and 18 months, and is a promising biomarker of ovarian reserve in young breast cancer survivors. Longer studies will be needed to ascertain whether lower pre-treatment AMH is associated with increased risk of later infertility. Clinical trial information: NCT00433511.

8028 Background: Effective treatment for relapsed/refractory cHL is lacking. The oral mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor EVE showed promising efficacy and acceptable toxicity in cHL. We conducted a study to confirm EVE safety and efficacy in relapsed/refractory cHL. Methods: In this multicenter, open-label, 2-step, phase 2 study, adults with cHL that progressed after high-dose chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (AHSCT) or a gemcitabine-, vinorelbine-, or vinblastine-containing regimen received EVE 10 mg/d until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Response was assessed every 12 wk via integrated positron emission tomography/computed tomography (CT) with contrast or CT with contrast. Primary endpoint was overall response rate (ORR) per modified response criteria for malignant lymphoma. Adverse events (AEs) were assessed during, and for ≥4 wk after, EVE treatment. Results: 55 patients were enrolled. Of the 38 currently evaluable patients, 37% were men, median age was 32.5 y, 53% were pretreated with AHSCT, and 95% were pretreated with gemcitabine, vinorelbine, or vinblastine; 71% had disease progression during previous therapies or discontinued previous treatment due to progression. 23 patients discontinued treatment, most commonly due to disease progression (n = 11). ORR was 37% (Table). Median progression-free survival (PFS) was 7.2 mo. The most common hematologic AEs were thrombocytopenia (39%) and anemia (24%); the most common nonhematologic AEs were fatigue (47%), cough (29%), dyspnea (26%), headache (21%), and rash (21%). Grade 3/4 AEs, most commonly thrombocytopenia (18%), were observed in 45% of patients. Conclusions: EVE showed a favorable ORR and median PFS in the first 38 evaluable patients with highly pretreated, relapsed/refractory cHL. The AE profile was consistent with that previously observed for EVE. These preliminary results confirm those of an earlier study and support further evaluation of EVE in cHL. [Table: see text]

6025 Background: Blinding patients to treatment regimen is an important component of high quality randomized clinical trials although concern exists about how receipt of a placebo will impact participants’ views. In ECOG5103, patients were randomized to receive adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer with either placebo (arm A) or bevacizumab (arms B and C) and treatment assignment was unblinded by 24 weeks. We sought to determine if unblinding was associated with differential changes in participants’ views. Methods: The Decision-Making/Quality of Life component (DM-QOL) included all patients enrolling on E5103 between 1/5- 6/8/10. Women were surveyed pretreatment and after unblinding. Wilcoxon rank sum testing was used to examine differences. Results: 572 patients on DM-QOL started protocol therapy; 118 on arm A, 454 on arm B/C; the two groups (arm A vs. B/C) were well balanced. 516 patients participated in pretreatment, 514 in unblinding survey. Pretreatment, 32% reported >moderate chance of recurrence in 5 years, 27% >moderate chance of serious problem from treatment, 99% feeling at least somewhat informed, 98% at least somewhat confident in study participation, most “extremely” confident. Overall, median response scores did not change over time, with no statistically significant differences between the groups in changes in perceptions of: recurrence risk (p=0.45); chances of a serious problem (p=0.12), feeling informed (p=0.99). However, they differed in confidence about study participation (p=0.04): after unblinding, a higher % of placebo-treated patients had increased confidence (38% vs. 25%), and a higher % of bevacizumab-treated patients had decreased confidence (29% vs. 22%), although 44% across all arms had no change. Conclusions: In a placebo-controlled, double-blinded RCT, unblinding did not significantly affect most participants’ views, regardless of receipt of placebo or experimental drug. However, confidence in study participation may have been affected by knowledge of receipt of bevacizumab; publicity surrounding this experimental therapy may have affected results.

6527 Background: Biomarker information can risk stratify patients based on potential for benefits/toxicity from therapy. Ideally, a biomarker will identify those who benefit with limited toxicity. However, the impact of biomarkers is unclear when indicting individuals with greatest benefit are also at increased risk for toxicity. Methods: We surveyed participants at 18 month follow-up in the Decision-Making/Quality of Life (DM-QOL) component of ECOG5103, a RCT where patients were randomized to receive adjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer with either placebo or bevacizumab (in 2 schedules). We asked patients for the preferred treatment in two hypothetical scenarios: 1) preference for chemo A or chemo A + B without biomarker information; 2) preference for chemo A or chemo A+B when participants tested positive for a “B-receptor” which increased both the benefit and toxicity of chemo A+B. McNemar’s test was used to examine changes in preferences. Results: 439 patients completed both scenarios on 18-month survey. The Table shows the treatment preferences in each scenario. The positive biomarker information in scenario 2 led 60/439 (14%) participants to switch their preference. The main reason for treatment preference in scenario 2 was greater benefits of chemo A+B (64%), the lower risks with chemo A (20%) and positive biomarker (10%). Among participants who changed preference, those randomized to receive bevacizumab were more likely to switch to chemo A in scenario 2. Conclusions: Information about a positive biomarker, indicating increased benefit and increased risk from additional chemo, did not significantly change participants’ preferred treatment. All participants were involved in a large placebo controlled double blind trial and the majority (70%) preferred the most aggressive course of treatment in both scenarios. Whether patients not enrolled in the trial would be more sensitive to the increased risk information is unclear. [Table: see text]

Abstract INTRODUCTION The development of diabetes insipidus (DI) after pituitary adenoma resection is associated with worse post-surgical morbidity and longer hospital stay. Identification of clinical predictors of development of DI would allow for appropriate stratification of patients to optimize preoperative counseling and postoperative management. METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of 349 patients who underwent pituitary adenoma resection at Johns Hopkins Hospital between 2003 and 2017. We used unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression to identify predictors of developing DI. Factors which were associated with DI development (p< 0.1), were included in our multivariable model. Factors which remained associated with DI development were then used to develop a DI risk score. RESULT: 67 (19.2%) patients developed post-surgical DI. Patients who had symptoms of prolactinoma, surgery through one nare, or were on steroid treatment were more likely to develop DI. Conversely, patients who had unilateral cavernous sinus invasion were less likely to develop DI. We used these predictors to generate the DI risk score. Patients were assigned 1 point for each risk factor (symptoms of prolactinoma, steroids, or surgery through one nare) for developing DI, but 1 point was subtracted if they had a protective factor (unilateral cavernous sinus invasion). Patients with 0 points had a 10.7% probability of developing DI, patients with 1 point had a 18.5% probability of developing DI, patients with 2 points had a 41.2% probability of developing DI, and patients with 3 points had a 44.4% probability of DI. CONCLUSIONS We identified several predictors of DI development after pituitary adenoma resection, and used these to generate a DI risk score. The DI risk score could help stratify patients’ likelihood of postsurgical DI development, although validation through larger prospective multi-center studies are needed.

Abstract INTRODUCTION Repeat surgery after tumor recurrence after pituitary adenoma resection can be challenging due to formation of scar tissue and loss of surgical landmarks, which can lead to increased rates of postoperative complications. Identification of clinical predictors of tumor recurrence would allow for appropriate stratification of patients to optimize preoperative counseling and postoperative management. METHODS We conducted a retrospective review of 349 patients who underwent pituitary adenoma resection at Johns Hopkins Hospital between 2003 and 2017. We used unadjusted and adjusted logistic regression to identify predictors of tumor recurrence. Factors which were associated with tumor recurrence in univariable models (p< 0.1), were included in our multivariable model. Factors that remained significantly associated with tumor recurrence (p< 0.05) in our multivariable model were considered predictors of recurrence. RESULTS 59 (16.9%) patients developed tumor recurrence at the time of our study. Patients who had surgery through one nare, transcranial surgery, visual field deficit, larger tumor volume, bilateral cavernous sinus invasion, carotid artery invasion, and postoperative cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) leak were more likely to have tumor recurrence. Conversely, patients who are younger in age, had sphenoid packing, and gross total resection were less likely to have tumor recurrence. In our multivariable model, only age (adjusted odds ratio[aOR]: 0.96), surgery through one nare (aOR: 2.05), gross total resection(aOR: 0.21), and presence of CSF leak(aOR: 4.43) remained significantly associated with tumor recurrence. CONCLUSIONS We identified several predictors of tumor recurrence after pituitary adenoma resection. Notably, having gross total resection of the primary tumor had the most significant protective effect on tumor recurrence. Given the increased complication associated with repeat surgery, gross total resection should be attempted in all patients, if feasible. Patients with other predictors of tumor recurrence should be monitored more frequently to allow for early detection of recurrence to optimize treatment strategies.

Abstract Abstract 2740 Background: Historically, treatment options for the approximately 30% of patients with Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) who have primary refractory disease or relapse after experiencing initial response have been limited to high-dose chemotherapy with autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplant (AHSCT). Development of novel therapeutic options is needed to improve outcomes in patients whose disease is refractory to or relapses after initial chemotherapy or subsequent high-dose chemotherapy with AHSCT. The oral mammalian target of rapamycin inhibitor everolimus showed promising efficacy and acceptable toxicity in 19 patients with heavily pretreated HL enrolled in a phase 2 study of everolimus monotherapy for relapsed, rare lymphomas (Johnston et al. Am J Hematol 2010;85:320-4). To confirm the efficacy and safety of everolimus monotherapy in patients with relapsed/refractory classical HL, we conducted a multicenter, open-label, 2-step, phase 2 study. Methods: Adults with classical HL that progressed after high-dose chemotherapy with AHSCT or a gemcitabine-, vinorelbine-, or vinblastine-containing regimen received everolimus 10 mg/day until disease progression or unacceptable toxicity. Response was assessed every 12 weeks via computed tomography with contrast or integrated positron emission tomography/computed tomography with contrast. The primary study endpoint was the overall response rate (ORR) evaluated according to the modified response criteria for malignant lymphoma (Cheson et al. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:579-86). Secondary endpoints included the disease control rate (DCR), duration of overall response, duration of disease control, progression-free survival (PFS), and safety. Results: A total of 57 patients were enrolled in this study; 57.9% were women, the median age was 32.0 years, 57.9% were pretreated with AHSCT, and 100% were pretreated with gemcitabine, vinorelbine, or vinblastine. Overall, 66.7% of patients experienced disease progression during previous therapies or discontinued previous treatment due to progression. At the time of analysis, 48 patients discontinued study treatment, most commonly due to disease progression (n = 25). The ORR and DCR were 42.1% and 77.2%, respectively (Table). The median time to response was 57 days. Median PFS was 9.0 months. Adverse events experienced by >25% of patients were fatigue (56.1%), thrombocytopenia (47.4%), cough (38.6%), rash (38.6%), pyrexia (31.6%), anemia (29.8%), dyspnea (28.1%), back pain (26.3%), and diarrhea (26.3%). Grade 3/4 adverse events were observed in 33 patients (57.9%); the most common were thrombocytopenia (21.1%) and anemia (12.3%). Stomatitis was experienced by 14 patients (24.6%) and was of grade 3 severity in 2 patients (3.5%). Pneumonitis was observed in 6 patients (10.5%) and was of grade 1 severity in 2 patients (3.5%) and grade 2 severity in 4 patients (7.0%). Conclusions: In this phase 2 study, everolimus monotherapy demonstrated favorable efficacy and a short time to response in patients with heavily pretreated, relapsed/refractory classical HL. The overall safety profile was consistent with that previously observed for everolimus in patients with HL and other cancers. The results of this study confirm previous results and support the further evaluation of everolimus in patients with classical HL. Disclosures: Johnston: Novartis: Consultancy. Off Label Use: Everolimus is an mTOR inhibitor indicated in the US for the treatment of postmenopausal women with advanced hormone receptor-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer in combination with letrozole after failure of letrozole or anastrozole; adults with progressive pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors that are unresectable, locally advanced, or metastatic; adults with advanced renal cell carcinoma after failure of treatment with sunitinib or sorafenib; adults with renal angiomyolipoma and tuberous sclerosis complex not requiring immediate surgery; and adults and children aged 3 years or greater with subependymal giant cell astrocytoma associated with tuberous sclerosis complex who require therapeutic intervention but are not candidates for curative surgical resection. Pinter-Brown:Millennium: Consultancy. Rogerio:Novartis: Employment; Novartis: Equity Ownership. Warsi:Novartis: Employment; Novartis: Equity Ownership. Chau:Novartis: Employment. Ramchandren:Seattle Genetics: Honoraria.

These NCCN Guidelines Insights highlight the updated recommendations for use of multigene assays to guide decisions on adjuvant systemic chemotherapy therapy for women with hormone receptor–positive, HER2-negative early-stage invasive breast cancer. This report summarizes these updates and discusses the rationale behind them.