Citations

Although the autoantigen involved in Graves’ hyperthyroidism is known to be the TSH receptor (TSHr), whether this antigen plays a primary role in the pathogenesis of Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO) is unclear. We sought to determine whether fibroblasts derived from orbital adipose/connective tissue are capable of differentiating into adipocytes that bear immunoreactive and functional TSHr. In addition, we assessed relative levels of TSHr gene expression in normal and GO orbital adipose/connective tissue specimens.GO and normal orbital preadipocyte fibroblasts, cultured under conditions known to stimulate adipocyte differentiation, showed evidence of adipogenesis and positive immunostaining for TSHr protein. In addition, significantly more cAMP was produced in response to TSH stimulation in the differentiated cultures than in undifferentiated cultures derived from the same individuals’ cells. Other studies demonstrated relatively greater TSHr gene expression in GO than in normal orbital tissue specimens.These results indicate that orbital preadipocyte fibroblasts increase their TSHr expression with differentiation and suggest that these cells play an important role in the pathogenesis of GO. Furthermore, our studies support the concept that TSHr may be an important target antigen in this condition. Factors that stimulate adipocyte differentiation and TSHr expression in the orbit in GO have yet to be defined.

Background: Graves' disease (GD), including Graves' ophthalmopathy or orbitopathy (GO), is an autoimmune disease with an environmental and genetic component to its etiology. The genetic contribution to the GO clinical phenotype remains unclear. Previous data from our laboratory and others have suggested that GO has no specific genetic component distinct from GD itself, while other reports have occasionally appeared suggesting that polymorphisms in genes such as CTLA4 and IL23R specifically increase the risk for GO. One of the criticisms of all these reports has been the clinical definition of the GO phenotype as distinct from hyperthyroid GD devoid of clinically significant eye involvement. The objective of this study was to take advantage of a phenotypically pure group of GD patients with GO and examine a series of genes associated with GD to determine if any were more definitively associated with GO rather than Graves' thyroid disease itself. Methods: To further examine whether specific susceptibility genes are associated with GO, we have performed further genetic association studies using highly characterized GO patients, many of whom had undergone orbital decompression surgery for their exophthalmos. We genotyped HLA , CTLA4 , IL23R, and TSHR genes in a group of 256 Caucasian patients with severe GO ( n =199) and less severe GO ( n =57), and 90 patients with GD but no clinically apparent GO. Results: We found that the allele and genotype frequencies were not statistically different between GO and non-GO patients for any of the genes and gene combinations assessed. Conclusions: These results provide further evidence that patients with GO do not have a distinct genetic susceptibility to their eye disease and again suggest that environmental and/or epigenetic influences are at play.

Amiodarone therapy in adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) is associated with a significant risk of amiodarone-induced thyrotoxicosis (AIT). We developed a risk index to identify those patients being considered for amiodarone treatment who are at high risk for AIT. We reviewed the health records of adults with CHD and assessed the association between potential clinical predictors and AIT. Significant predictors were included in multivariate analyses. The parameter estimates from multivariate analysis were subsequently used to develop a risk index. 169 adults met eligibility criteria and 23 developed AIT. The final model included age, cyanotic heart disease and BMI. The risk index developed identified 3 categories of risk. Their AIT likelihood ratios were: 0.37 for low risk (95% CI 0.15–0.92); 1.12 for medium risk (95% CI 0.65–1.91); and 3.47 for high risk (95% CI 1.7–7.11). The AIT predicted risk in our population was 5% for the low risk group, 15% for the medium risk group and 47% for the high risk group. Conclusions . We derived the first model to quantify the risk for developing AIT among adults with CHD. Before using it clinically to help selecting among alternative antiarrhythmic options, it needs validation in an independent population.