Citations

Immunoglobulin light chain (AL) amyloidosis is a clonal plasma cell disorder with multiple clinical presentations. The diagnosis of AL amyloidosis requires a high index of suspicion, making a delay in diagnosis common, which contributes to the high early mortality seen in this disease. Establishing the diagnosis of AL amyloidosis requires the demonstration of tissue deposition of amyloid fibrils. A bone marrow biopsy and fat pad aspirate performed concurrently have a high sensitivity for the diagnosis of AL amyloidosis and negate the need for organ biopsies in most patients. An accurate diagnosis requires amyloid typing via additional testing, including tissue mass spectrometry. Prognostication for AL amyloidosis is largely driven by the organs impacted. Cardiac involvement represents the single most important prognostic marker, and the existing staging systems are driven by cardiac biomarkers. Apart from organ involvement, plasma cell percentage on the bone marrow biopsy, specific fluorescence in situ hybridization findings, age at diagnosis, and performance status are important prognostic markers. This review elaborates on the diagnostic testing and prognostication for patients with newly diagnosed AL amyloidosis.

AbstractDisease OverviewWaldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma with immunoglobulin M (IgM) monoclonal protein. Clinical features include anemia, thrombocytopenia, hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy, and rarely hyperviscosity.DiagnosisPresence of IgM monoclonal protein associated with ≥10% clonal lymphoplasmacytic cells in bone marrow confirms the diagnosis. The L265P mutation in MYD88 is detectable in more than 90% of patients and is found in most IgM MGUS patients. MYD88 is not required for the diagnosis.Risk StratificationAge, hemoglobin level, platelet count, β2 microglobulin, LDH, and monoclonal IgM concentrations are characteristics that are predictive of outcomes.Risk‐Adapted TherapyNot all patients who fulfill WM criteria require therapy; these patients can be observed until symptoms develop. Rituximab‐monotherapy is inferior to regimens that combine it with bendamustine, an alkylating agent, a proteosome inhibitor, or a BTK inhibitor. The preferred Mayo Clinic induction is either rituximab and bendamustine (without rituximab maintenance) or zanubrutinib.Management of Refractory DiseaseBortezomib, cyclophosphamide, fludarabine, thalidomide, everolimus, Bruton Tyrosine Kinase inhibitors, carfilzomib, lenalidomide, bendamustine, and venetoclax have all been shown to have activity in relapsed WM. Given WM's natural history, the reduction of therapy toxicity is an important part of treatment selection.

AbstractWaldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) is a rare, indolent lymphoma, that predominately affects the elderly. We report the outcomes of young WM patients, evaluated over five decades, compared to their older counterparts, matched for the time of diagnosis. Between January 1, 1960 and October 31, 2013, 140 (11.8%) WM patients were ≤50 years of age at diagnosis in our database, and their estimated 10‐year overall survival (OS) was 74%, with death attributable to WM in a higher proportion of patients compared to their older (≥65 years) counterparts (91% vs. 58%, p = .0001). Young patients were grouped into three cohorts based on the timing of the initiation of therapy: Group 1 (1960–1977, n = 12), Group 2 (1978–1995, n = 48), and Group 3 (1996–2013, n = 74). Among young patients, there was no disease‐specific survival (DSS) difference across the three periods, [median DSS at 13 years (95% CI 5–23), 16 years (95% CI 14–22), and 15 years (95% CI 10‐NR; p = .41), respectively]. However, DSS for the older cohort incrementally improved (Group 1, median 5.2 years, Group 2: 9.6 years, Group 3: 12 years; p = .05) over these periods. The estimated average years‐of‐life lost for the young cohort was 11.2 years from diagnosis, based on the expected survival for a normal age‐ and sex‐matched population. Despite a protracted disease course, nearly all young patients succumb to their disease. In contrast to the improved survival of the elderly patient population, the evolving treatment strategies in WM have not impacted the outcome of young patients; however, the impact of Bruton tyrosine kinase inhibitors on this unique patient population remains to be determined.

Abstract Lenalidomide‐containing (R) triplet and quadruplet regimens are the standard of care for multiple myeloma (MM) and have been shown to increase the risk of thrombosis. The association between thromboembolism (TE) and survival in the novel multidrug era is not yet delineated. In this study, we evaluated the incidence of TE during the first year of MM diagnosis, its association with the type of induction regimen, and its impact on overall survival. We studied 672 newly diagnosed MM (NDMM) patients who received a triplet or quadruplet lenalidomide‐based induction at the Mayo Clinic, Rochester. TE was diagnosed in 83 patients (12.4%). Of these, 56 (8.3%) had a deep venous thrombosis (DVT), 23 (3.4%) had a pulmonary embolism (PE) with or without the DVT, and 4 (0.6%) patients had a stroke. Carfilzomib‐Rd (KRd) had the highest risk of TE (21.1%, 18/85), followed by quadruplets (11.1%, 5/45), bortezomib‐Rd (9.6%, 51/531), and 0/11 (0%), treated with other lenalidomide‐containing regimens. The difference in TE risk between KRd and the other regimens was statistically significant (OR = 2.6, p < .01). Nine patients developed a TE before being exposed to any treatment. Survival was significantly lower among patients that developed a TE (66 vs. 133 months, p < .01). The association of TE with reduced survival demonstrated in univariate analysis (HR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.6–3.3) was maintained in the multivariable analysis adjusted for high‐risk interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), sex, age, receipt of an upfront transplant, the response at induction, and the International Staging System (ISS) (HR = 2.61, CI = 1.74–3.9). We conclude that TE is an important aspect of MM management, and effective management is especially relevant in the novel treatment era.

Abstract POEMS syndrome is a rare paraneoplastic syndrome and therapies are directed against plasma cells that produce the proteins that cause this syndrome. Novel therapies are widely used in multiple myeloma aiming for plasma cell eradication. However, data on their use in POEMS syndrome are lacking. In this case series, we provide the Mayo Clinic experience in treating 16 patients with relapsed POEMS syndrome with novel agents (daratumumab, carfilzomib, pomalidomide, and elotuzumab). The patients were treated with a doublet including dexamethasone (N = 5) (31%) or in various combinations with other agents: DRd (N = 6), DC(V)d (N = 3), KRd (N = 3), KPd (N = 1), DP(V)d (N = 5), and EloRd (N = 1). The outcomes with novel agent therapies were favorable. Overall, twelve patients treated with daratumumab-based therapies (86%) and five patients treated with carfilzomib-based therapies (83%) responded to therapy. Among patients treated with daratumumab based therapies (N = 14), 9 patients achieved CR/VGPRH, 7 patients achieved CRV, and 5 patients achieved CRP. Among patients treated with carfilzomib-based therapies (N = 6), 3 patients achieved CR/VGPRH, and one achieved PRH. At a median follow-up of 38 months since starting of the novel agent (IQR 24–57), 15 of the patients (93%) are still alive, and the median TTNT was not reached. None of the patients discontinued therapy due to adverse events and no deaths occurred on therapy. Novel therapies were safe with 7 events of hospitalization due to pneumonia (4 in daratumumab-based therapies and 3 on carfilzomib-based therapies), and 4 patients were hospitalized due to volume overload. Three patients experienced infusion-related reactions (IRR) to the first dose of IV daratumumab. The response rate to novel agents was high, and the responses were deep. Novel agent therapies were safe, and no death case occurred on therapy. Future studies are needed to clarify the optimal sequence of novel agents and the best combination.

Abstract Purpose: IgM monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM) represent a disease spectrum with highly varied therapeutic management, ranging from observation to chemoimmunotherapy. The current classification relies solely on clinical features and does not explain the heterogeneity that exists within each of these conditions. Further investigation is warranted to shed light on the biology that may account for the clinical differences. Experimental Design: We used bone marrow (BM) clonal CD19+ and/or CD138+ sorted cells, matched BM supernatant, and peripheral blood serum from 32 patients (7 MGUS, 25 WM) to perform the first multi-omics approach including whole-exome sequencing, RNA sequencing, proteomics, metabolomics, and mass cytometry. Results: We identified three clusters with distinct pathway activation, immune content, metabolomic, and clinical features. Cluster 1 included only patients with WM and was characterized by transcriptional silencing of genes involved in cell cycle and immune response, enrichment of mitochondrial metabolism, infiltration of senescent T effector memory cells, and aggressive clinical behavior. Genetic/structural alterations of TNFAIP3 were distinct events of this cluster. Cluster 2 comprised both MGUS and WM patients with upregulation of inflammatory response, senescence and glycolysis signatures, increased activated T follicular helper and T regulatory cells, and indolent clinical behavior. Cluster 3 also included both MGUS and WM patients and exhibited intermediate features, including proliferative and inflammatory signaling, as well as glycolysis and mitochondrial metabolism. Conclusions: We have identified three distinct molecular clusters, suggesting a potential biologic classification that may have therapeutic implications.