Citations

Abstract Multiple myeloma (MM) is an incurable malignancy of clonally expanded plasma cells shaped by complex interactions with the immune microenvironment. To investigate immune factors driving treatment response and resistance, we conducted multi-omics profiling including CD138 neg single-cell RNA sequencing of 243 bone marrow samples from 102 patients (631,226 cells) and CD138 pos bulk RNA and whole-genome sequencing from 209 samples. Longitudinal analyses revealed that interferon gamma signaling impairs T cell memory after autologous stem cell transplant, while naïve B cell abundance and immunoglobulin diversity correlated with improved progression-free survival (HR = 0.48, p = 2.3e -4 ). At disease progression, MM cells upregulated cancer-testis antigens and immune effector genes, with concurrent B cell depletion, enrichment of myeloid-derived suppressor cell genes in monocytes, and T cell exhaustion. These findings highlight dynamic immune-tumor interactions, identifying naïve B cell reconstitution as a biomarker of durable response, and cancer-testis antigens as potential targets for high-risk disease at progression. Statement of Significance Longitudinal profiling of multiple myeloma and the immune microenvironment revealed dynamic immune-tumor interactions across the disease course. Dysfunctional CD8⁺ T cells limited memory formation post-transplant, while naïve B recovery associated with sustained treatment response. At progression, cancer-testis antigen expression associated with immunosuppression, revealing novel mechanisms of immune escape.

PURPOSE Tumor treating fields (TTFields) use alternating electric fields to disrupt cancer cell proliferation. Feasibility of TTFields therapy with gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel was previously demonstrated in patients with advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma. PANOVA-3 was designed to confirm safety and efficacy of TTFields in patients with unresectable locally advanced pancreatic adenocarcinoma (LA-PAC). METHODS In this global phase III trial, 571 patients with newly diagnosed LA-PAC were randomly assigned to receive gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m 2 and nab-paclitaxel 125 mg/m 2 by intravenous infusion once a day on days 1, 8, and 15 of a 28-day cycle with or without TTFields. The primary end point was overall survival (OS). Secondary end points included progression-free survival (PFS), local PFS, pain-free survival, and overall response rate (ORR). Distant PFS was analyzed post hoc. RESULTS OS was significantly prolonged using TTFields with gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel versus gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel (median, 16.2 months [95% CI, 15.0 to 18.0] v 14.2 months [95% CI, 12.8 to 15.4]; hazard ratio [HR], 0.82 [95% CI, 0.68 to 0.99]; P = .039). PFS, local PFS, and ORR were not improved. Pain-free survival was significantly prolonged with TTFields with gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel (median, 15.2 months [95% CI, 10.3 to 22.8] v 9.1 months [95% CI, 7.4 to 12.7]; HR, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.56 to 0.97]; P = .027), as was distant PFS (median, 13.9 months [95% CI, 12.2 to 16.8] v 11.5 months [95% CI, 10.4 to 12.9]; HR, 0.74 [95% CI, 0.57 to 0.96]; P = .022). Device-related skin adverse events (AEs) were experienced by 76.3% of patients. Most device-related skin AEs were mild to moderate, with 7.7% of patients reporting a grade 3 AE. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated significant OS, pain-free survival, and distant PFS benefits for TTFields with gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel versus gemcitabine/nab-paclitaxel in patients with unresectable LA-PAC, with no additive systemic toxicity.

1107 Background: Chronic stress-mediated β2-adrenergic receptor (β2-AR) signaling promotes tumor growth via immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment (TME) in preclinical models. Blockade of β2-AR has shown higher survival benefit in patients with TNBC in observational studies compared to other breast cancer (BC) subtypes. However, the molecular and immunological features associated with ADRB2 (gene for β2-AR) gene expression in TNBC are unknown, prompting this investigation. Methods: 3,038 TNBC samples were analyzed via NGS (592-gene panel, NextSeq; WES/WTS, NovaSeq; Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, AZ). Immune cell fractions were calculated by deconvolution of WTS: Quantiseq. TNBC ADRB2 -high(H) and ADRB2 -low(L) RNA expression were classified as above or below the 50 th percentile, respectively. Real-world overall survival (OS) was obtained from insurance claims and calculated from tissue collection to last contact using Kaplan-Meier estimates. Statistical significance was assessed using chi-square and Mann-Whitney U tests with multiple comparison adjustments (q < 0.05). Results: ADRB2 gene expression was lowest in TNBC (median (TPM: 1.6) compared to N = 453 HR-HER2+ (1.9), N = 629 HR+HER2+ (2.0) and N = 4,918 HR+HER2- (2.2) BC (all q < 0.05). African American or Black patients (N = 670) had lower expression of ADRB2 compared to European American or White (N = 1,412) TNBC patients (1.3 vs 1.7, q < 0.05). ADRB2 -H TNBC had higher mutation frequency of PIK3CA (21% vs 15.4%), CDH1 (7% vs 3.5%), NF1 (8% vs 4%), AKT1 (3.5% vs 2.1%), but lower frequency of TP53 (81.6% vs 87.5%), NOTCH1 (2.5% vs 4.5%) and NOTCH3 (4.4% vs 11.7%) compared to ADRB2 -L, all q < 0.05. ADRB2 -H had greater PD-L1 (22C3) positivity (39.1% vs 30.2%, q < 0.05), higher % of B cells (4.5 vs 3.4), M1 Mφ (3.4 vs 2.8), M2 Mφ (3.9 vs 2.2), Tregs (2.2 vs 1.3), NK cells (3.1 vs 2.6), DC (3.1 vs 2.9), CD8 + T cells (0.9 vs 0.2), all q < 0.05. ADRB2 -H TNBC had higher T-cell inflamed score (95 vs -80), IFN γ score (-0.23 vs -0.37), MAPK activation score (-0.46 vs -1.7), all q < 0.05; and higher expression of immune checkpoint genes ( CD274, PDCD1, PDCD1LG2, CTLA4, LAG3, HAVCR2, FOXP3, IDO1, TNFSF14, TIGIT, BTLA, CEACAM1, CD47, CD274 ; fold change: 1.6-3.7, all q < 0.05). ADRB2 -H tumors had higher expression of genes related to inflammatory response, IFNγ response, IL6-JAK-STAT3 signaling (normalized enrichment score (NES): 1.9 – 2.1), while ADRB2 -L had enrichment of MYC targets V1, MYC targets V2, E2F targets and G2M checkpoint (NES: 2.5 – 4.2), all FDR < 0.01. ADRB2 -H TNBC had better OS (mOS: 23.6 vs 18.6 months; HR 0.81, 95% CI 0.73-0.89, p < 0.0001) compared to ADRB2 -L. Conclusions: High ADRB2 expression in TNBC is associated with better survival and an immune enriched TME, elevated immune checkpoints and other targetable vulnerabilities. Future studies are needed to investigate ADRB2 as a potential stress biomarker and therapeutic target.

1106 Background: TNBC, although an aggressive breast cancer (BC) subtype, is highly immunogenic and the only BC subtype where the ICI pembrolizumab is approved. However, predictive biomarkers for pembrolizumab benefit are limited. The chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10 attract CD8 + T cells into the tumor microenvironment (TME) and are associated with chemotherapy benefit, but little is known about their role in prediciting pembrolizumab benefit in TNBC. We investigated the association of CXCL9 , CXCL10 and their cognate receptor CXCR3 with TME and ICI efficacy. Methods: 3,038 TNBC samples were analyzed via NGS (592-gene panel, NextSeq; WES/WTS, NovaSeq; Caris Life Sciences, Phoenix, AZ). Tumor mutational burden (TMB) totaled somatic mutations per tumor (high > 10 mt/MB). Immune cell fractions were estimated using WTS deconvolution (Quantiseq). CXCL9 / CXCL10 / CXCR3 -high (H) and -low (L) tumors were classified by RNA expression above or below the 50th percentile. Real-world overall survival (OS) was derived from insurance claims and calculated from start of pembrolizumab to last contact using Kaplan-Meier. Statistical significance was assessed using chi-square and Mann-Whitney U with multiple comparison adjustments (q < .05). Results: TNBC expressed higher levels of CXCL9 and CXCL10 (median (TPM): 5.3 and 14.7) compared to N = 1,082 HER2+ (4.8 and 10.3, p < 0.05) and N = 4,918 HR+HER2- (2.7 and 7, q < .05) BC. CXCR3 expression was higher in TNBC compared to HR+HER2- (1.9 vs 1.7, q < .05), but no difference when compared to HER2+ (1.9 vs 2, q = 0.97) BC. CXCL9 / CXCL10 / CXCR3 -H TNBC had higher median OS post pembrolizumab [ CXCL9 -H vs -L: 26.5 vs 15.7 months (mo), HR: 0.65 (95% CI 0.5-0.84); CXCL10 -H vs -L: 26.0 vs 20.6 mo, HR 0.74 (0.57-0.95); CXCR3 -H vs -L: 32.6 vs 18.3 mo, HR 0.68 (0.52-0.88), all p < 0.05 ]. CXCL9 -H, CXCL10 -H and CXCR3 -H had higher PD-L1 positivity (22C3), TMB high, higher T cell inflamed score, TP53 mutations, elevated B and CD8 + T cells infiltration, but not neutrophils, and higher expression of immune checkpoint genes (Table). Conclusions: High CXCL9 / CXCL10 / CXCR3 expression is associated with longer survival in patients with TNBC post pembrolizumab, and characterized by an immune-enriched TME. Further investigation is needed to evaluate this chemokine axis in TNBC and its potential as a therapeutic target to enhance ICI efficacy. TME characteristics by CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCR3 expression. CXCL9 CXCL10 CXCR3 High Low q-value High Low q-value High Low q-value PD-L1 % 54 14 <.05 54 14.7 <.05 49 19 <.05 TMB high % 14.3 8 <.05 12.6 9.7 <.05 12.4 9.8 <.05 B cell (median %) 4.4 3.5 <.05 4.3 3.6 <.05 5 3.4 <.05 CD8+T cell (median %) 1.2 0 <.05 1 0 <.05 1.3 0 <.05 Neutrophil (median %) 4.2 4.5 <.05 4.2 4.4 <.05 4.2 4.3 0.2 T cell inflamed score 100 -84 <.05 98 -84 <.05 108 -100 <.05 CTLA4 (median TPM) 3.2 0.7 <.05 3 0.8 <.05 3.4 0.7 <.05 LAG3 (median TPM) 6.6 2.1 <.05 6.9 2 <.05 6.8 2 <.05 TP53 mutation % 88 81 <.05 90.5 78.6 <.05 86 83 0.08

e24015 Background: Anthracyclines are effective cancer therapeutics but can cause cardiotoxicity. Recent studies suggest a connection between efficacy and toxicity in that the effects of anthracyclines on cancer cells leads to the release of interleukin 1-alpha (IL-1⍺), which negatively impacts cardiomyocyte metabolism and thereby cardiac function. This observation was made in in vivo and in vitro models of acute myeloid leukemia (AML); whether this holds true for other cancer cell lines remains unclear. Methods: Herein we characterized the cytokine profile of 9 cancer cell lines exposed to doxorubicin (1 µM for 24 hours) and then tested the effects of interleukin 1-alpha (IL-1⍺, 50-150 ng/mL) on the viability and metabolism of neonatal cardiomyocyte. We used Seahorse to assess cardiomyocyte glycolysis via extracellular acidification rate (ECAR) and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation based on the oxygen consumption rate (OCR). Results: As outlined in Table 1, different hematological and breast cancer cell lines showed a range of cytokine profile in response to doxorubicin exposure. Of the cytokines with putative action on cardiomyocyte metabolism IL-1⍺was one of the most induced in 3 out of 5 murine breast cancer, murine B- and T-cell lymphoma, as well as murine and human AML human and murine cell lines. Doxorubicin did not induce IL-1⍺ expression in macrophage cell lines (RAW) or directly in cardiomyocytes. Exposing neonatal cardiomyocytes to different concentrations of IL-1⍺ did not decrease but rather increased OCR and especially ECAR. Conclusions: These data confirm the release of IL-1⍺ from AML as well as several, but not all breast cancer cell lines. Furthermore, purified IL-1⍺ increased oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis in murine neonatal cardiomyocytes. These data point out heterogeneity in the cytokine release pattern from anthracycline-treated cancer cell lines and their impact on cardiomyocyte metabolism. Further studies are required to define the nuances of crosstalk between cancer and the heart and its contribution to the variation in cardiotoxicity risk. Cytokine profile of cancer cell lines. Cytokines RAW Neonatal MC38HuPD-L1 EMT6 JC E0771 4T1 B Lymphoma: A20 T Lymphoma: E.G7-OVA AML Human: THP-1 AML mouse: C1498 ICAM-1, CD54 ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ IL-1α IL-1F1 + + + + + + + IL-10 + + IL-16 ++ ++ ++ CXCL10/CRG-2 ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ M-CSF ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ + RANTES CCL5 + ++ ++ ++ ++ TNF-α +++ + ++ + + + + +

TPS5130 Background: Patients with prostate cancer and deleterious HRRa have poorer prognosis but derive benefit from poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibition. However, prevalence of HRRa and response to PARP inhibition are less well defined in racial/ethnic minorities. We designed the HARMONY trial to evaluate the efficacy of N/AA/P in HL and NHB patients with mHSPC and deleterious HRRa. Methods: This multicenter, open label, phase II study is open through the Hoosier Cancer Research Network in the United States. The trial enrolls patients who self-identify as HL or NHB and have mHSPC with HRRa including BRCA 1/2, BRIP1, CHEK2, FANCA, PALB2, RAD51B, and/or RAD54L. Eligible patients will have hormone sensitive, treatment naïve or minimally treated prostate cancer (i.e., bicalutamide ≤ 45 days, androgen deprivation therapy [ADT] ± AA plus P ≤ 45 days allowed). Prostate cancer variants, other therapy in mHSPC setting, or symptomatic brain metastases are exclusionary. Enrolled patients will receive 24 weeks (w) of ADT plus N/AA dual action tablet (DAT) plus P, followed by an adaptive approach based on prostate specific antigen (PSA) response. Subjects in Arm A (PSA > 4.0 ng/mL at 24 w) can continue ADT/N/AA/P for max 2 years or stop N and escalate therapy to ADT/AA/P plus 6 cycles of docetaxel followed by standard of care (SOC) therapy. Subjects in Arm B (PSA ≤ 4.0 ng/mL at 24 w) will continue ADT/N/AA/P for a total of 12 months. At 12 months in Arm B, subjects with PSA ≥ 0.2 ng/mL will continue ADT/N/AA/P for max 2 years, and subjects achieving PSA < 0.2 ng/mL have the option to continue ADT/N/AA/P for max 2 years or discontinue all therapy with the option to start SOC treatment at disease progression. PSA decline to < 0.2 ng/mL at 24w (primary endpoint) will be evaluated for each racial/ethnicity group against a historic rate of 50%. Thirty patients per racial/ethnic cohort will give 80% power at 0.1 significance to determine noninferiority with a no-inferiority margin of 0.185. Estimating 5% drop out, 64 patients will be enrolled (n=32 HL and n=32 NHB). Key secondary/exploratory endpoints include PSA reduction ≥ 90%, overall response rate, PSA/radiographic progression free survival, overall survival, time to subsequent anti-cancer therapy, quality of life and safety. Key genomic correlatives will be evaluated. ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT06392841. Study support of drug and funding: Janssen Scientific Affairs LLC. Clinical trial information: NCT06392841 .

TPS5125 Background: Prostate cancer (PC) is common and despite recent advances in treatment options, patients with metastatic disease still have poor outcomes. The double PSMA binding moiety of SAR-bisPSMA in 64 Cu-SAR-bisPSMA (imaging) and 67 Cu-SAR-bisPSMA (therapy) may offer advantages compared to currently used single-target PSMA agents. Clinical evidence demonstrated 2-3 times higher uptake of 64 Cu-SAR-bisPSMA compared to the single-target PSMA agent, 68 Ga-PSMA-11. Pre-clinical efficacy data of 67 Cu-SAR-bisPSMA in mice showed statistically significant tumor growth inhibition and increased survival in a PC xenograft study. These results led to the development of the SECuRE trial, which aims to assess the safety and anti-tumor efficacy of 67 Cu-SAR-bisPSMA in patients with metastatic castrate resistant PC (mCRPC). Methods: SECuRE is a Phase I/IIa multi-center, open-label, non-randomized, dose-escalation and cohort expansion study of 64 Cu-SAR-bisPSMA and 67 Cu-SAR-bisPSMA in patients with mCRPC. The target population is patients who have progressed despite having at least one androgen receptor pathway inhibitor and demonstrate positivity on 64 Cu-SAR-bisPSMA PET. The study comprises 3 phases: Dosimetry (N=6), Dose Escalation (N~24) and Cohort Expansion (N=24). The 67 Cu-SAR-bisPSMA dose levels investigated in the Dose Escalation Phase are: 4 GBq (cohort 1, single dose), 8 GBq (cohort 2, single dose), 12 GBq (cohort 3, single dose) and 24 GBq across two doses (cohort 4, two doses at the maximum tolerated dose or maximum feasible dose [MTD/MFD] established in cohorts 1-3; two additional doses may be offered in case of radiological non-progression). In the Cohort Expansion phase, participants will receive 2 doses of 67 Cu-SAR-bisPSMA at the recommended dose determined in the Dose Escalation Phase (those with radiological non-progression may be offered up to 2 additional doses). A recent protocol amendment increased the number of participants from 14 to 24 in the Cohort Expansion phase, in which 8 will receive combination therapy of 67 Cu-SAR-bisPSMA with enzalutamide. The primary and key secondary objectives include assessment of 64 Cu- and 67 Cu-SAR-bisPSMA’s safety and dosimetry and determining the anti-tumor efficacy of 67 Cu-SAR-bisPSMA. Response to 67 Cu-SAR-bisPSMA will be assessed biochemically (≥50% decline in prostate-specific antigen) and radiographically (by RECIST V1.1 and PCWG3). Clinical trial information: NCT04868604 .

ABSTRACT Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a prevalent condition severely impacting men's quality of life. While micronutrient balance is critical for sexual health, observational studies on micronutrient and ED remain inconclusive. The objective of this study was to evaluate the causal role of circulating levels of copper and other micronutrients in ED risk by Mendelian randomization (MR). We conducted bidirectional two‐sample MR using summary statistics from European‐ancestry cohorts involving thirteen micronutrients. Inverse‐variance weighted (IVW) MR was complemented by sensitivity analyses, including MR‐Egger and MR‐PRESSO, and pooled analysis of two GWAS‐based datasets was performed to substantiate the findings of MR. In this study, circulating copper levels significantly increased ED risk in the discovery (OR = 1.129, 95% CI: 1.004–1.27, p = 0.042) and replication (OR = 1.115, 95% CI: 1.001–1.242, p = 0.0476) stages, as well as pooled analyses (OR = 1.122, 95% CI: 1.036–1.214, p = 0.0046). Sensitivity analyses reinforced the robustness of these findings, with no significant heterogeneity or directional pleiotropy observed. Reverse MR found no causal effect of ED on micronutrients. In summary, this study provides robust genetic evidence that elevated circulating copper levels are a modifiable risk factor for ED. Personalized management of copper intake, guided by genetic predisposition, may mitigate ED risk and improve sexual health outcomes. These findings highlight the clinical relevance of copper homeostasis in ED prevention and underscore the need for targeted nutritional interventions.

Spinocerebellar ataxia type 7 (SCA7), a rare form of ataxia, possesses a wide phenotypic spectrum ranging from classic ataxic symptoms to blindness, multiorgan failure, cardiomyopathy, and early death among younger age groups. Biomarkers associated with disease progression and severity could aid in disease prognostication. We evaluated the utility of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neurofilament light (NfL) in distinguishing patients with SCA7 from healthy controls and estimating patient prognosis. GFAP and NfL levels were measured in 23 plasma and 20 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from asymptomatic (N = 3) and symptomatic SCA7 participants (N = 10) and from healthy controls (N = 8). GFAP concentrations were elevated in the plasma (82.7 pg/mL) and CSF (9318 pg/mL) of patients with SCA7 compared to controls (plasma: 48.0 pg/mL; CSF: 89,056 pg/mL). Similarly, NfL plasma (21.6 pg/mL) and CSF (2615.0 pg/mL) levels were also significantly upregulated in SCA7 compared to controls (plasma: 8.2 pg/mL; CSF: 414.6 pg/mL). Higher levels of NfL, but not of GFAP, significantly discriminated symptomatic SCA7 patients from controls (area under de curve, AUC: 0.898, p = 0.0059, in plasma, and AUC: 1.0, p = 0.0012, in CSF). The levels of both biomarkers increased overtime, with plasma NfL levels strongly associated with a worse score in the scale for the assessment and rating of ataxia (SARA) (Spearman r: 0.8354, p = 0.0007; regression analysis: β: 0.021, 95% CI: 0.008–0.035, p = 0.0048). These findings suggest that NfL could serve as a valuable biomarker for monitoring disease progression and prognosis in SCA7 patients.

Accurate measures of insulin regulation of adipose tissue lipolysis (free fatty acid release rates) in humans can be accomplished using a two-step, hyperinsulinemic clamp experimental design, but careful scrutiny of the data is needed. The FFA palmitate IC 50 measure is reproducible in weight-stable adults and responds to treatment interventions in a quantitative manner.