Chen, Hung‐Chi

BackgroundEnd‐stage lower extremity lymphedema (LEL) poses a particularly formidable challenge to surgeons as multiple pathological processes are at work. Because single modality treatment is often unsuccessful, we devised a comprehensive multimodal surgical treatment. The aim of this study is to share the technical considerations and examine the clinical outcomes of this combined approach.MethodsBetween 2013 and 2017, patients with International Society of Lymphology stage III, who underwent the combination treatment of Charles,’ Homan’s procedure with toe management and vascularized lymph node transfer (CHAHOVA), were included in this retrospective study. Outcomes evaluated were limb size, number of infectious episodes, compression garment usage, and rate of complications.ResultsA total of 68 patients were included. With a mean follow‐up of 29 months, the overall circumference reduction rate for the upper thigh and the rest of the extremity was 67.4% (48.2‐88.2%) and 98.1% (88‐100%), respectively. During the follow‐ups, 2 (2.9%) patients experienced episodes of cellulitis and the average number of yearly infections decreased from 4.2 to 1.2 episodes per person. All patients were able to discontinue compression therapy without recurrence of lymphedema. Nine (13.2%) patients reported minor complications.ConclusionThe combine CHAHOVA in a single‐stage procedure is an effective and safe approach in the end‐stage LEL.

BackgroundTreatment of advanced lymphedema requires not only restoration of physiological lymph drainage, but also excision of fibrotic tissue and excess skin. The aim of this study is to show how the combination of double vascularized lymph node transfers (VLNTs) and a modified radical reduction with preservation of perforators (RRPP) can accomplish both of these treatment goals.MethodsBetween 2010 and 2016, 16 patients (15 female and one male) with extremity lymphedema underwent a combined double gastroepiploic VLNTs and modified RRPP. Demographics, outcomes including circumference reduction rates, preoperative and postoperative lymphoscintigraphy, complications, and responses to the Lymphedema Quality of Life (LYMQOL) questionnaire were analyzed.ResultsAll flaps survived. The mean follow‐up period was 14.2 months (range, 12‐19). The mean circumference reduction rate was 74.5% ± 6.9% for the upper limb and 68.0% ± 4.2% for the lower limb. There were no major complications. Minor complications, including numbness and hyperesthesia, were treated conservatively. LYMQOL showed a 2.7‐fold quality‐of‐life improvement (P < 0.01). Postoperative lymphoscintigraphy showed improved lymphatic drainage in all cases.ConclusionCombined double VLNTs and modified RRPP safely and effectively improves lymphatic drainage, reduces fibrotic tissue and excess skin, decreases episodes of infections, and improves patients’ quality of life in the advanced stages of lymphedema.

BackgroundThe medial thigh is a well‐hidden area. The two most common flaps from this area are the transverse upper gracilis (TUG) and profunda artery perforator (PAP) flaps. Herein, we explored the applications of combined TUGPAP flap to reconstruct large and complex defects in different regions.MethodsBetween November 2015 and May 2017, 28 patients who underwent reconstruction and extensive soft tissue coverage with the TUGPAP flap for the breasts, head and neck, and pelvi‐perineal regions were included. The defects size ranged from 22 to 29 × 6–8 cm. All flaps were based on the two pedicles: the medial circumflex femoral artery for TUG flap and the profunda artery perforator for PAP flap. They were each anastomosed to a set of recipient vessels. A “Y”‐shaped interposition vein graft (YVG) was used if only one recipient artery was available.ResultsThe harvested skin paddle had dimensions ranged from 20 to 30 × 6–9 cm and all flaps survived completely. Postoperative complications included one case each of donor and recipient site seroma, and one case of wound dehiscence. They were all successfully managed conservatively. During an average follow‐up period of 12.7 months, one patient reported permanent paresthesia in the donor site and another developed hypertrophic scar. All patients were able to resume daily activity without major concerns.ConclusionThe combined TUGPAP flap is a safe, effective, and a good alternative to the common workhorse flaps as it offers the potential for a large skin paddle and decent soft tissue volume with low donor site morbidity in a well‐concealed area.

IntroductionComposite and large head and neck defects requiring extensive skin‐mucosa coverage are often reconstructed by combining flaps. Herein, we present a simple and reliable two‐stage fibula osteocutaneous (FOC) flap technique to improve the survival of a large skin paddle for oromandibular reconstructions.MethodsFrom October 2011 to September 2016, 47 patients with through‐and‐through oromandibular defects were reconstructed using FOC flaps with large skin paddles. To ensure optimum survival of skin paddles, temporary orocutaneous fistula were left in place and closed during the second stage operation via de‐epithelialization of the skin paddle and suturing of mucosa. Demographic data, operative details, and postoperative complications were recorded.ResultsThe skin paddle dimensions ranged from 20 to 31.5 cm in length and 12 to 17 cm in width with an average area of 430.4 cm2 (range 300–504). The average time between the two stages and hospital stay were 10 days and 14 days, respectively. Complications at the donor site included wound dehiscence (n = 3, 6.4%), partial skin graft loss (n = 3, 6.4%) and hematoma (n = 2, 4.3%). Recipient site complications included two (4.3%) early postoperative venous congestions that resolved after elevation and three (6.4%) partial skin flap necrosis (less than 5% surface area). All complications resolved with bedside conservative management. There was only one take‐back for evacuation of recipient site hematoma (2.1%) but no flap loss.ConclusionTwo‐staged large skin paddle FOC flaps can simplify reconstruction of extensive oromandibular defects by improving the reliability of the sizable skin paddle and negating the need for a second flap.

AbstractIntroductionMicrosurgical reconstruction of complex head and neck defects often requires reliable tissue in multiple spatial configurations to achieve good functional and aesthetic outcomes. In addition to robust perforators, flap inset and wound closure require great caution to minimize complications especially in the presence of trismus with limited space for inset. This report describes the technique and results of our staged approach to flap inset which increases the chance of total flap survival in complex head and neck reconstructions.MethodsFrom February 2010 to August 2016, a total of 53 patients were identified via a retrospective chart review. Patients who were suspected to have a high risk of vascular compromise and subsequently underwent complex head and neck reconstruction with staged inset of anterolateral thigh (ALT) flaps were included. The flap was inset only partially at the recipient site initially with fewer sutures. At a second stage, after neovascularization from surrounding tissue was established, the flap was partially elevated, divided and mobilized on its own pedicle for definitive inset.ResultsFifty‐one patients had complete survival of flaps and had uneventful postoperative course. Six cases required immediate re‐exploration to release wound tension or reposition the pedicle. Of these, 4 flaps were salvaged, 2 failed due to small perforators despite anastomosis revision. The flap survival rate was 96.2% and the average time between 2 stages was 24 days (range, 21–28).ConclusionStaged flap inset can improve free flap survival in complex head and neck reconstructions.

AbstractIntroductionReconstruction of abdominal wall defects with enterocutaneous fistulas (ECF) remains challenging. The purpose of this report is to describe a single‐stage approach using combined microscopic enterolysis, pedicle seromuscular bowel flaps, mesh, fasciocutaneous, and myocutaneous flaps.MethodsBetween 1990 and 2016 a retrospective review identified a total of 18 patients with an average age of 39 years (ranging 26–59 years). Thirteen cases were associated with trauma, four were complication of previous mesh repair, and one was after an aortic dissection. Average diameter of defect size was 22 cm (ranging 20–24 cm). Surgical technique involved enterolysis using microscope magnification, a pedicle seromuscular bowel flap to reinforce the bowel anastomosis, mesh, musculocutaneous, and fasciocutaneous flaps to reconstruct the abdominal wall.ResultsFifteen patients required rotational flaps with an average skin paddle area of 442.7 cm2 (ranging 440 cm2–260 cm2) and 10 patients required a serosal patch with an average length of 5 cm (ranging 4–6 cm). Complications included three wound dehiscence and one abdominal wall bulging. Flap survival was 100%. The majority of patients (12 out of 18) were able to resume normal activities, and the remaining (n = 6) were able to resume most activities. Functional outcome as assessed by 36‐Item Short Form Survey (SF‐36) physical function component questionnaire at 18–24 months follow up was 67.8% (ranging from 59 to 72%). Mean length of hospital stay was 2.2 weeks (ranging 1.4–2.7 weeks). Mean follow‐up was 24 months (ranging 22–26 months) with clinical examination.ConclusionMicroscopically assisted intra‐abdominal dissection with resection of diseased bowel, replacement with well‐vascularized tissue at the anastomosis site in, and reinforcement with mesh combined with pedicle musculocutaneous and fasciocutaneous flaps may be an alternative when other local reconstructive options have failed.

Background Lower extremity salvage following significant soft tissue loss can be complicated by lack of recipient vessel for free tissue transfer. We describe our experience in lower limb salvage for patients with no recipient vessels with the use of pedicle, free and cable bridge flaps. Methods A retrospective review from 1985 to 2017 of patients undergoing lower limb salvage using a contralateral pedicle cross leg (PCL) flaps, free cross leg (FCL) flaps, or free cable bridge (FCB) flaps was conducted. Demographics, etiology of the reconstruction, type of flap used, donor-site vessels, defect size, operating time, time of pedicle division, length of hospital stay, time to ambulation, and complications were analyzed. Results A total of 53 patients (48 males and 5 females) with an average age of 35 years (range, 29–38 years) were identified. The etiology for the reconstruction was trauma in 52 patients and oncological resection in 1 patient. There were 18 PCL, 25 FCL, and 10 FCB completed. The recipient vessels for all flaps were the posterior tibial artery and vein. The average operating room times for PCL, FCL, and FCB flaps were 4, 9, and 10 hours, respectively. The average length of hospital stay was 5 weeks and average time to ambulation was 4 weeks. The average follow-up time was 7.5 years (range, 3–12 years). Complications encountered were hematoma (six), prolonged pain (six), total flap loss (two), reoperation (five), and infection (four). Limb salvage rates were 96.2%. Conclusion When ipsilateral limb vessels are not available, and other reconstructive options have been exhausted, cross leg flaps can be a viable option for limb salvage in the setting of extensive defects.