Lenkiewicz, Elizabeth

Abstract Background: Breast and other solid tumors exhibit high and varying degrees of intra-tumor heterogeneity that make the management and treatment of these diseases rather difficult. In order to study clinically relevant tumor heterogeneity in detail we performed an in-depth analysis of the clonal architecture of primary chemoradiation-naive breast cancers and their lymph node metastases. We combined DNA content-based flow cytometry and ploidy analysis with high-definition array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) and next-generation sequencing technologies to interrogate the genomes and transcriptomes of multiple biopsies from the tumors and involved lymph nodes. Thus rather than inferring the presence of distinct tumor cell populations, our flow-sorting based approach of first identifying and defining the clonal populations and then interrogating their genomes provides a highly objective method of exploring the clinical significance of tumor heterogeneity in solid tumors. Material and methods: We used DAPI-based DNA content measurements and flow sorting to isolate nuclei from distinct clonal populations of diploid and aneuploid tumor cells in surgical tumor samples and distant lymph nodes from chemoradiation naive patients. In parallel, matching samples were processed for pathological, transcriptome, and IHC based assays. Each distinct sorted tumor cell population was then interrogated with aCGH and next generation sequencing. For each patient, the detailed profiles of ploidy, copy number aberrations and mutations were used to recreate and map the lineages present in the primary tumor and lymph. In one detailed case, we used 12 fresh frozen sections morphologically mapped from within a chemo-naïve primary invasive ductal carcinoma of histological grade 3 with lymph node involvement, 2-3 fresh frozen sections from 2 out of 5 lymph nodes with metastatic carcinoma, formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections from 2 more of the involved lymph nodes and 5 morphologically mapped FFPE samples of normal tissue adjacent to the tumor. Results: We identified multiple coexisting aneuploid populations within biopsies from individual patients. Our clonal analysis determined the genomic aberrations arising in lineages that spread throughout the primary tumor and later bifurcated to distinct lymph nodes, revealing distinct therapeutic targets in the trunk and branches of the tumor. We identified driver events including high-level focal amplifications (e.g. SARC) and homozygous deletions (e.g. ROBO1 and ROBO2), that converge on distinct cellular signaling pathways. Conclusion: The approach highlighted here has broad implications in the study of tumor heterogeneity in breast and other solid tumors by providing a unique ultra-high resolution view of tumor heterogeneity that can advance more effective treatment and clinical management of patients with this disease. Citation Information: Cancer Res 2013;73(24 Suppl): Abstract nr PD4-7.

Eosinophils are often dominant inflammatory cells present in the lungs of asthma patients. Nonetheless, the role of these leukocytes remains poorly understood. We have created a transgenic line of mice (PHIL) that are specifically devoid of eosinophils, but otherwise have a full complement of hematopoietically derived cells. Allergen challenge of PHIL mice demonstrated that eosinophils were required for pulmonary mucus accumulation and the airway hyperresponsiveness associated with asthma. The development of an eosinophil-less mouse now permits an unambiguous assessment of a number of human diseases that have been linked to this granulocyte, including allergic diseases, parasite infections, and tumorigenesis.